The Role of Grammar in the Communicative Approach to Second Language Teaching (original) (raw)
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Making a Spectacle of Yourself: The Effect of Glasses and Sunglasses on Face Perception
Perception, 2019
We investigated the effect of wearing glasses and sunglasses on the perception of social traits from faces and on face matching. Participants rated images of people wearing no glasses, glasses and sunglasses on three social traits (trustworthiness, competence and attractiveness). Wearing sunglasses reduced ratings of trustworthiness. Participants also performed a matching task (telling whether two images show the same person or not) with pairs of images both wearing no glasses, glasses or sunglasses, and all combinations of eyewear. Incongruent eyewear conditions (e.g., one image wearing glasses and the other wearing sunglasses, etc.) reduced performance. Further analysis comparing performance on congruent and incongruent eyewear trials showed that our effects were driven by match trial performance, where differences in eyewear decreased accuracy. For same-eyewear-condition pairs, performance was poorer for pairs of images both wearing sunglasses than no glasses. Our results extend ...
Evidence of a correlation between wearing glasses and personality
Personality and Individual Differences, 1991
Self-report personality correlates of wearing glasses were investigated. To control for possible effects of social stereotypes on self-reports of personality, judgements by strangers were also collected. The traits that perceivers inferred from spectacles differed from the self-reported traits that actually co-occurred with the presence of glasses. Thus a substantial influence of social stereotypes on self-reports of personality was not reasonable. Subjects who wore spectacles were less extraverted and less open to experience, even if individual differences in age and sex were partialled out. Two explanations of these findings are discussed: either visual acuity may co-occur with personality, or personality may influence the willingness to wear glasses.
Once Upon a Face: the Effect of Eye Size, Observer and Stimulus Gender on Impression Formation
Current Psychology, 2014
Initial attraction is one of several factors that influence the ability to form an impression. Attraction is related to physical beauty, implying that we all tend to evaluate attractiveness based on the same characteristics. Adults with larger eyes are perceived as more attractive and receive more positive evaluations. Our purpose was to examine whether eye size would influence warmth and competence because the stereotype content model differs in predictions of attraction. We further analyzed the effect of the observer and stimulus gender on the assessment of warmth and competence. To this end, we tested 360 participants in an experimental visual task, according to a 3 (eye size: small vs. medium vs. large)×2 (stimulus gender: female vs. male)×2 (observer gender: female vs. male) factorial design. Our results lend support to the idea that larger eyes lead to more positive perceptions of warmth and competence. However, only the warmth dimension is affected by the observer and stimulus gender. The results are discussed in light of current research in the field of social cognition.
The role of pupil size in communication. Is there room for learning?
Cognition and Emotion
The eyes are extremely important for communication. The muscles around the eyes express emotional states and the size of the pupil signals whether a person is aroused and alert or bored and fatigued. Pupil size is an overlooked social signal, yet is readily picked up by observers. Observers mirror their own pupil sizes in response, which can influence social impressions. In a landmark study by Hess [1975. The role of pupil size in communication. Scientific American, 233(5), 110-119] it was shown that individuals with large pupils are perceived more positively than individuals with small pupils. In that behavioral study, participants were asked to draw pupils in line drawings of faces with empty irises and they drew large pupils in the happy face, and small ones in the angry face. The current study tested 579 participants (aged 4-80 years old) and extended this work by showing that this association between large (small) pupils and a positive (negative) impression develops over age and is absent in children. Several explanations for how individuals through interactions with close others learn that large pupils mean care, interest and attention and small pupils the opposite, are discussed. To conclude, this study shows that pupil size and emotion perception are intertwined but that their relationship develops over age.
COMMUNICATIVE EFFECTS OF GAZE BEHAVIOR.: A Test of Two Contrasting Explanations
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1986
~ 7'his experiment was underiaken to test two conirasring explanations of the effects of eyegaze on socialpercepiions and outcomes. A socialmeaning modelholds that differing levels of gaze have such clear meaning that gaze alone accounts for the reactions to it. A nonverbal expectancy violations model holds that normative behaviors are expected in social interactions wiih strangers and that violating these expectations produces different results depending on whether the violator is deemed highly "rewarding" or "nonrewarding." This experiment, the ihird in a series, proposed to extend ihe violations model by incorporating the concepi of positive and negative types of violations. Subjecis (Nu 145) interviewed one offour confederate interviewees who manipulated one of three levels of eye gaze (nearly constant, normal, andnearly constant aversion)and who were assigned one of two levels of reward (highly qualijled for ihe job or highly unqualified). Differential gaze behavior resulted in varied impressions of attraction. credibility, and relational communicaiion, wiih gaze aversion producing consistently negative effecis. Interpretations and communication consequences were mediated by reward, gender, and confederate differences.
People Judge a Book through its Cover and Humans by their Eyes
2012
Individuals are constantly trying to understand others, forming impressions about their personality traits, intentions and motivations. Physical appearance is the most immediate attribute in social interaction and, when we perceive facial features, there is a predisposition to focus attention on the eyes. The size of this facial feature may influence either the perception of positive attributes like warmth and competence or the persuasive outcomes. Previous research suggests that the influence of this facial trait on social perception increases with age. Hence, we aimed to observe the effect of eye size in the way individuals aged over 50 years perceive warmth/competence and on persuasion, as well as possible gender differences. We assessed 120 participants (60 men and 60 women), 50 to 99 years old. The task design was 3 (eye size: small vs. control vs. large) X 2 (gender of participants: male vs. female) with two dependent variables: perception of warmth/competence and degree of persuasion. Warmth and competence were measured through Fiske's model and persuasion through the degree of agreement with a statement. Results show that individuals with large eyes are perceived as warmer but no effect was observed for persuasion. No gender differences were identified. The discussion of these results is based on the premise that the eyes are a central trait when forming impressions and that changing their size may affect the perception of positive attributes and persuasive outcomes.
Impact of External Appearance on Positive Social Perception
2013
By this research, I have aimed to conclude about the rapport which exists between the appearance of students and the impact on this seemingly positive social perception. Many studies conclude that the appearance has significant impact on how people perceive each other. We have selected a sample of 200 students of the University of Prizren and of two university colleges named "Fame" and "Universum" whom have been undergone by this research (research through questionnaires). Results issued by this research are relevant to most of the results obtained by other researches, in which the appearance is particularly important factor in positive social perception. Always according to these results, the appearance of student has a crucial role in how students perceive each other in the context of clothing, physical beauty and the perception of these elements in cahoots with the personality, estimation in faculty, selection at place of work etc. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n1p131
Turkish journal of family medicine and primary care, 2021
Introduction: Self-esteem and social anxiety could affect both the social life and school success of adolescents. Wearing spectacles in adolescence may be related to self-esteem and social anxiety. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the level of self-esteem and social anxiety between adolescents who wear spectacles and those who do not. Methods: This comparative descriptive study which was conducted in Sivas Cumhuriyet University Ophthalmology outpatient clinic between March-July 2021, consisted of 108 adolescents who have been wearing spectacles for at least one year, and age and sex-matched, 150 healthy adolescents. Self-esteem was measured by Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and social anxiety was measured by Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and clinical data on spectacle were evaluated via a sociodemographic data form. Results: 69 (63.9%) of the study group were girls, and the mean age was 12.92±1.55 years. For the right eyes, the mean spherical equivalent (SE) value was-1.10±3.23 D and it was-1.15±3.39 D for the left eyes. The mean self-esteem scores of the spectacle wearers were significantly lower (22.53±4.60 vs. 25.50±2.05, p<0.001), and the mean social anxiety scale scores were significantly higher (40.23±10.90 vs. 36.13±7.57, p=0.006) compared the control group. When the patients were evaluated as myopic (n=78) and hyperopic (n=30) regarding the SE, even though there was an increase in the social anxiety score as the degree of myopia increased for both eyes (for right, r=.-280, p=0.01, and for left, r=.-235, p=0.04), there was no significant correlation with self-esteem scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: Wearing spectacles in adolescence seems to be related to self-esteem and social anxiety. An appropriate approach would be to perform a thorough psychological evaluation of adolescents who wear spectacles.
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
Some research indicates that face masks impair identification and other judgements such as trustworthiness. However, it is unclear whether those effects have abated over time as individuals adjust to widespread use of masks, or whether performance is related to individual differences in face recognition ability. This study examined the effect of masks and sunglasses on face matching and social judgements (trustworthiness, competence, attractiveness). In Experiment 1, 135 participants across three different time points (June 2020–July 2021) viewed unedited faces and faces with masks, sunglasses, or both. Both masks and sunglasses similarly decreased matching performance. The effect of masks on social judgements varied depending on the judgement and whether the face was depicted with sunglasses. There was no effect of timepoint on any measure, suggesting that the effects of masks have not diminished. In Experiment 2, 12 individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DP) and 10 super-re...