Determinants of salivary cotinine level: a population-based study in Brazil (original) (raw)

Saliva Cotinine Levels in Smokers and Nonsmokers

American Journal of Epidemiology, 2000

The authors collected by mail self-reported data on smoking habits and saliva samples that were analyzed for cotinine concentration in 222 smokers and 97 nonsmokers. Participants were members of the University of Geneva (Switzerland) in 1995. The 207 cigarette-only smokers smoked on average 10.7 cigarettes/day and had a median concentration of cotinine of 113 ng/ml.The cotinine concentration was moderately associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (+14 ng/ml per additional cigarette, p < 0.001, Ff = 0.45) and was 54 ng/ml higher in men than in women after adjustment for cigarettes per day and for the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The cotinine level was not associated with the nicotine yield of cigarettes (r= 0.08). In nonsmokers, the median concentration of cotinine was 2.4 ng/ml. The cotinine concentration was 1.5 times higher in nonsmokers whose close friends/spouses were smokers than in nonsmokers whose close friends/spouses were nonsmokers (p = 0.05). A cutoff of 7 ng/ml of cotinine distinguished smokers from nonsmokers with a sensitivity of 92.3% and a specificity of 89.7%; a cutoff of 13 ng/ml provided equally satisfactory results (sensitivity, 86.5%; specificity, 95.9%). This study provides evidence for the construct validity of both questionnaires and saliva cotinine for the assessment of active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke.

Determinants of salivary cotinine levels among current smokers in Mexico

Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2004

The present study describes salivary cotinine levels and their relationship to cigarettes smoked per day in Mexican smokers. Using a sampling strategy based on the number of cigarettes per day, we recruited 1,222 smokers from Mexico City and the state of Morelos in Mexico during 1999. Smoking behaviors and other factors known to affect nicotine intake and cotinine level were identified in an interview using a standardized questionnaire. Salivary cotinine was measured by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. We used generalized additive models to describe the relationship between salivary cotinine levels and variables of interest. The mean age of the population was 39.7 years (SD~15.6 years), with a mean cotinine level of 194.7 ng/ml (SD~134.8; range~10.1-767). Participants smoked a mean of 15.5 cigarettes per day (SD~11.3). Salivary cotinine and cigarettes smoked per day were positively related, although the association was not linear, flattening above 20 cigarettes per day. After adjusting for cigarettes per day, we found that significant predictors of cotinine levels included age, body mass index, cigarette producer, and smoking behavior variables. These results may have implications for dosing with nicotine medications to aid smoking cessation in Mexican smokers and suggest that whether the cigarette is labeled light or regular has no relationship to nicotine dose from smoking cigarettes.

Saliva cotinine and recent smoking--evidence for a nonlinear relationship

PubMed, 1993

Cotinine concentration in various body fluids is considered to be among the most useful markers of nicotine exposure currently available. Despite the prevailing consensus concerning cotinine's usefulness, cotinine's large intrasubject variability has led some to question the value of a single-point measurement. Several individual differences (for example, age, race, sex, and so forth) may affect cotinine excretion, and a peculiar nonlinearity between the number of cigarettes smoked and cotinine concentration has been reported previously in the literature. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the nature of the association between cotinine and reported number of cigarettes smoked after adjustment for the relationship between cotinine and age, a key individual difference known to affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and tissue sensitivity. The authors examined the relationship between saliva cotinine and daily cigarette consumption in 116 smokers (mean age = 37.4 years; average number of cigarettes smoked daily = 20.1) who logged each cigarette into a hand-held computer as part of a study on the accuracy of recall. The Pearson correlation between saliva cotinine and the logged number of cigarettes smoked in the previous 17 hours (the time window corresponding to the half-life of cotinine) accounted for significantly more of the variance in cotinine than did the average logged number of cigarettes smoked daily during 5 days. Age was also significantly associated with cotinine levels. Further examination of the relationship between cotinine and amount smoked in the previous 17 hours revealed evidence for a significant nonlinear component. Inclusion of both age and a cubic nonlinear component of daily cigarette consumption resulted in further significant improvement in the amount of variance accounted for in cotinine levels. These results suggest that adjustments forage and the inclusion of a nonlinear component for cigarette consumption will result in more precise use of cotinine as a validation tool for existing differences in smoking levels.

Determinants of salivary cotinine concentrations in Chinese male smokers

Preventive Medicine, 2003

Background. Identifying factors that affect cotinine levels in smokers may be useful for smoking cessation programs. Our aims were to characterize the distribution of salivary cotinine levels in Chinese smokers and to investigate factors that influence cotinine concentrations.

Salivary cotinine concentrations in daily smokers in Barcelona, Spain: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health, 2009

Background Characterizing and comparing the determinant of cotinine concentrations in different populations should facilitate a better understanding of smoking patterns and addiction. This study describes and characterizes determinants of salivary cotinine concentration in a sample of Spanish adult daily smoker men and women. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out between March 2004 and December 2005 in a representative sample of 1245 people from the general population of Barcelona, Spain. A standard questionnaire was used to gather information on active tobacco smoking and passive exposure, and a saliva specimen was obtained to determine salivary cotinine concentration. Two hundred and eleven adult smokers (>16 years old) with complete data were included in the analysis. Determinants of cotinine concentrations were assessed using linear regression models. Results Salivary cotinine concentration was associated with the reported number of cigarettes smoked in the previous...

Salivary Cotinine Levels as a Biomarker of Tobacco Use-A Biochemical Study

2017

Background: Routine exposure to cigarette smoke has conventionally been assessed by questionnaire. The correctness of this method has been limited by incorrect reporting. Rejection and underrating the extent of smoking are common practices especially among youth and proclaimed quitters. Biochemical validation is the recommended choice in interventional studies where cessation results have to be evaluated. Cotinine measurement is the most common used method in population studies. It validates the use of tobacco consumption when compared to other markers available. Aim and Objectives: This study was designed to estimate the levels of salivary cotinine in tobacco smokers and chewers and compare them with the levels in subjects who do not report of any tobacco related habits. The study was also conducted to validate the self-report of tobacco use with a biological marker for tobacco exposure. Material and Methods: The study was performed in 200 study subjects divided into 4 groups (C, G...

Determinants of salivary cotinine level: a population-based study in Brazil

Revista de Saúde Pública, 2007

OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted to assess, in active smokers, the relationship of number of cigarettes smoked and other characteristics to salivary cotinine concentrations. METHODS: A random sample of active smokers aged 15 years or older was selected using a stepwise cluster sample strategy, in the year 2000 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study included 401 subjects. Salivary cotinine concentration was determined using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. A standard questionnaire was used to collect demographic and smoking behavioral data. The relation between the number of cigarettes smoked in the last 24h and cotinine level was examined by means of a nonparametric fitting technique of robust locally weighted regression. RESULTS: Significantly (p<0.05) higher adjusted mean cotinine levels were found in subjects smoking their first cigarette within five minutes after waking up, and in those smoking 1-20 cigarettes in the last 2...

Comparison of Cotinine Salivary Levels between Smokers : Smokers and Non-Smokers Passive

The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2018

Background: Cotinine is the predominant metabolite of nicotine which found in tobacco. At present, smoking cigarettes and hookah are on the rise in the Middle East countries; therefore, the number of people exposed to passive cigarette smoking is increasing too. Objective: To compare the salivary cotinine level in saliva in smokers, non-smokers, passive smokers. Also to combat the wrong opinion that hookah is not harmful. Material and methods: In this cross-sectional study, unstimulated salivary samples were collected from 30 female subjects including students and workers at College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura university, Makkah. The study participants were divided into 3 groups (each of 10 subjects) aged 19-50 years; o First group: with history of cigarettes or hookah smoking at least one session/day for 20-30 minutes for at least 2 years. o Second group: exposed to cigarette smoke or hookah. o Third group: non-smoker. TheNicAlert™ (NYMOX pharmaceutical corporation, Canada) nicotine saliva test was used to determine salivary levels of cotinine. Results: Salivary cotinine level was detected in all study groups with the different levels. The highest level was in a group of smokers while 50% of non-smokers showed level one. There were no significant differences in salivary cotinine levels between hookah, cigarette and both smokers and a significant relation between duration and salivary cotinine level.Also a non-significant relation was found between age and salivary cotinine level. Conclusion: Salivary cotinine levels were higher in smokers compared to passive smokers and non-smokers, in descending order.