Effects of isovalerate on ruminal fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and digestibility in steers (original) (raw)
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Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2017
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels and 2-methylbutyrate (MB) supplementation on ruminal fermentation, bacterial populations, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in Simmental steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers, averaging 18 months of age and 465 ± 8.6 kg of body weight (BW), were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design by a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Low protein (98.5 g CP/kg dry matter [LP] or high protein (128.7 g CP/kg dry matter [HP]) diets were fed with MB supplementation (0 g [MB−] or 16.8 g steer −1 day −1 [MB+]). Steers were fed a total mixed ration with dietary corn straw to concentrate ratio of 50:50 (dry matter [DM] basis). The CP × MB interaction was observed for ruminal total VFA, molar proportions of acetate and propionate, acetate to propionate ratio, ammonia-N, effective degradability of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and CP, microbial enzyme activity, bacterial populations and total PD excretion (p < .05). Ruminal pH decreased (p < .05), but ruminal total VFA concentration increased (p < .05) with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation. Acetate molar proportion increased (p = .043) with MB supplementation, but was not affected by dietary CP level. Propionate molar proportion decreased (p < .05) with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation. Consequently, acetate-to-propionate ratio increased (p = .001) with MB supplementation, but was not affected by dietary CP level. Ruminal ammonia-N content increased (p = .034) with increasing dietary CP level, but decreased (p = .012) with MB supplementation. The effective degradability of NDF and CP increased (p < .05) with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation. Microbial enzyme activity, bacterial populations and total PD excretion also increased (p < .05) with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation. The results indicated that ruminal fermentation, nutrient degradability, microbial enzyme activity, ruminal bacterial populations and microbial protein synthesis improved with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation in steers. K E Y W O R D S 2-methylbutyrate, bacterial populations, effective degradability, microbial enzyme activity, ruminal fermentation, steer How to cite this article: Wang C, Liu Q, Guo G, et al. Effects of dietary protein levels and 2-methylbutyrate on ruminal fermentation, nutrient degradability, bacterial populations and urinary purine derivatives in Simmental steers.
Diet containing glycerine and soybean oil can reduce ruminal biohydrogenation in Nellore steers
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the addition of crude glycerine and soybean oil into the diet on the rate of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH), duodenal flow, and on the intestinal digestibility of fatty acids (FA), as well as on the major bacterial species that participate in the BH. Eight castrated Nellore steers were fitted with ruminal and duo-denal cannulas. The diet ingredients used were: Tifton 85 hay (roughage source), and a concentrate composed of ground corn, soybean meal and urea, together with 100 g/kg of dry matter (DM) of crude glycerine (CG) or 60 g/kg DM of soybean oil (SO) or 100 g/kg DM crude glycerine plus 60 g/kg (DM) soybean oil (CGSO). Data were analyzed as a double Latin square 4 × 4 design (four treatments and four periods), balanced for residual effects, in a factorial arrangement (A × B). The fixed effect of factor A corresponds to the provision of SO, and that of factor B to the provision of CG. The dry matter intake (DMI) suggested an interaction between CG and SO (P = 0.045); animals fed with the CG diet presented higher dry matter intake (DMI) than those fed the SO and CGSO diets (P < 0.05); however, the CGSO diet led to a DMI similar to that obtained with the CO diet, and higher than that obtained with the SO diet. A higher duodenal flow of monounsaturated FA (MUFA), poly-unsaturated FA (PUFA) and unsaturated FA (UFA) was observed with the CGSO diet (P < 0.05). There was an interaction between CG and SO on the ruminal BH rate of PUFA, UFA, and linolenic acid, the BH being lower with the CGSO diet than with the SO diet (P < 0.05). This interaction was also observed to affect the BH rate of MUFA, which was lower with the CGSO diet than with the SO and CG diets. The SO diet reduced the population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens (P = 0.046), R. albus (P = 0.028) and Fibrobacter succinogenes (P = 0.041). However, the relative proportion of Anaerovibrio lipolytica increased in the diets containing CG (P = 0.043). The association of CG and SO in the diet limited the BH of UFA, and increased the duodenal flow of these acids without influencing the cellulolytic bacteria of the rumen; therefore, this association may be a nutritional strategy to increase the deposition of healthy UFA in meat; however, this needs to be further investigated.
Animal, 2008
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of malic acid (MA) supplementation on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PDs) and whole gastro-intestinal tract feed digestibility in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (465 ± 13 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The treatments were: control (without MA), LMA (MA-low), MMA (MA-medium) and HMA (MA-high) with 0.0, 7.8, 15.6 and 23.4 g MA per kg dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets consisted of corn stover and concentrate (60/40, DM basis). DM intake was approximately 9 kg per day, which was 90% ofad libitumintake including 5.4 kg corn stover and 3.6 kg concentrate. Ruminal pH (range of 6.91 to 6.56), ratio of acetate to propionate (range of 3.88 to 3.25), ammonia N (range of 9.03 to 6.42 mg/100 ml) and lactate (range of 91.25 to 76.31 mg/100 ml) decreased linearly as MA supplementation increased, whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (range of 55.68...
Frontiers in Veterinary Sciences, 2019
In this paper we describe a study that evaluates the applicability of an in vitro fermentation model to assess the resistance of protein supplements to rumen degradation. The protein sources used were: soybean meal (SBM); whey protein (WHEY), which was expected to be rapidly degraded, and yeast-derived microbial protein (YMP), which was proposed to be resistant to rumen degradation. The basal diet was composed of grass silage and a commercial compound feed. The protein supplements were added at three isonitrogenous doses. Fermentation was monitored for 24 h and gas production, volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, and ammonia were analyzed at three timepoints. Protein degradation was estimated by determining the extent to which branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) introduced with the protein supplement were converted to corresponding branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA). At the highest dose of WHEY, 60% of introduced valine, leucine, and isoleucine was recovered as isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, and isovaleric acid (products of BCAA decarboxylation and deamination), respectively. The BCVFA detected represented 50% of added BCAA with SBM, but <15% with YMP. Further indications that YMP protein is resistant to degradation were provided by analysis of ammonia. With YMP, the residual ammonia concentration only marginally exceeded that of the cultures with no protein supplementation, while it increased dose-dependently when the vessels were supplemented with WHEY or SBM. This suggests that with WHEY and SBM, the rate of deamination exceeded the rate of ammonia assimilation by bacteria. Residual ammonia and BCVFA, the two indicators of protein fermentation, were strongly correlated. Overall bacterial activity was monitored as yield of gas, volatile fatty acids, and bacteria. These three correlating parameters showed that WHEY only modestly stimulated fermentation, whereas SBM and YMP stimulated fermentation extensively, possibly owing to their higher carbohydrate content. The results presented suggest that the in vitro fermentation method was suitable for detecting differences in resistance of protein supplements to rumen degradation and following a full method validation could be a useful tool for diet formulation. The data obtained suggested that YMP was the most resistant and WHEY the most susceptible to degradation.
Livestock Science, 2017
This experiment was to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected pantothenate (RPP) on ruminal fermentation, microbial enzyme activity, bacteria population and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in growing beef steers. Eight ruminally cannulated first-generation crossbred (Blonde d′Aquitaine × Simmental) beef steers, averaging 12 months of age and 363 ± 7 kg of body weight (BW), were allocated into a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Four treatments were control, low-RPP (LRPP), medium-RPP (MRPP) and high-RPP (HRPP) with 0, 0.32, 0.48 and 0.64 g RPP per kg dietary DM, respectively. Steers were fed a total mixed ration and dietary concentrate to corn silage ratio was 50:50 based on a dry matter (DM) basis. The experiment included four periods and lasted for 96 days, each period contained 14 days of adaptation and 10 days of data collection. Ruminal pH decreased linearly with increasing RPP supplementation and was lower for MRPP than for control. Ruminal total VFA concentration increased linearly with increasing RPP supplementation and was higher for MRPP than for control. The acetate to propionate ratio increased linearly due to the unchanged acetate molar proportion and the tendency towards decreased propionate proportion. Ruminal DM and neutral detergent fibre degradability of corn silage increased quadratically, whereas DM and crude protein degradability of concentrate mix increased linearly with increasing RPP supplementation. Activities of carboxymethyl-cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and α-amylase increased linearly and was higher for MRPP than for control. Populations of R. albus, R. flavefaciens, F. succinogenes, B. fibrisolvens, P. ruminicola and R. amylophilus increased linearly and quadratically with increasing RPP supplementation. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives increased linearly with increasing RPP supplementation and was higher for HRPP and MRPP than for LRPP and control. The results indicated that dietary supplementary RPP improved ruminal fermentation, in situ ruminal degradation and urinary excretion of purine derivatives by stimulating bacteria growth and microbial enzymes secretion. It is suggested that supplementary RPP regulated bacteria growth and microbial enzymes secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Under the current experimental condition, the appropriate dose of RPP was at 0.48 g per dietary DM for growing crossbred beef steer.
Journal of Animal Science, 2016
Four Holstein steers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to examine the effect of daily intake of 0, 2, 4 or 6 g/steer of standardized plant extract containing a mixture of quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids and protopine alkaloids (QBA+PA) on the characteristics of ruminal fermentation and characteristics of digestion. The basal diet consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet that contained 62% corn and 12% sudangrass hay and the rest of diet was composed of mainly dried distillers grains, molasses, fat, and minerals. The source of QBA+PA used was Sangrovit-RS (Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH, Eltville, Germany) and supplementation levels of 2, 4, and 6 g Sangrovit-RS•steer-1 •d-1 , which represented a net daily ingestion of approximately 6, 12, and 18 mg of QBA+PA compounds, respectively. Inclusion of QBA+PA linearly increased (P = 0.04) flow to the duodenum of nonammonia N and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) duodenal flows of ammonia N. Ruminal microbial efficiency (duodenal microbial N; g/kg OM fermented in the rumen) and protein efficiency (duodenal nonammonia N; g/g N intake) were increased (P < 0.05) as the level of QBA+PA increased. There were no effects of QBA+PA supplementation on ruminal, postruminal, and total tract digestion of OM, starch, and NDF, but postruminal and total tract digestion of N increased (P < 0.01) as the level of QBA+PA increased. Digestible energy of the diet tended to increase (linear affect, P = 0.09) with QBA+PA supplementation. Ruminal pH and total VFA molar concentrations were not different between treatments. Ruminal NH 3-N concentration linearly decreased (P = 0.02) with QBA+PA supplementation. Ruminal molar proportion of acetate increased (P = 0.04) as the supplementation level of QBA+PA increased. It is concluded that QBA+PA supplementation enhances efficiency of N utilization in feedlot steers fed a steamflaked corn-based finishing diet. This effect was due, in part, to enhanced ruminal microbial efficiency, decreased ruminal degradation of dietary nonammonia N, and enhanced postruminal N digestion.
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2009
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of glycerol supplementation on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in the total tract of steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (450 ± 12 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square arrangement of treatments with experimental period of 21 days long. The treatments were: control (without glycerol), LG, MG and HG with 100, 200 and 300 g glycerol per head per day, respectively. Diet consisted of 60% corn stover and 40% concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). Dry matter intake (averaged 9 kg/day) was restricted to a maximum of 90% of ad libitum intake. Ruminal pH (range of 6.58 to 6.23) was linearly (P b 0.05) decreased, whereas total VFA concentration (range of 93.40 to 99.61 mM) was linearly (P b 0.03) increased with increasing glycerol supplementation. Ratio of acetate to propionate decreased linearly (P b 0.02) from 4.56 to 3.64 as glycerol supplementation increased due to the increased in propionate production. In situ ruminal NDF degradation of corn stover was improved but the CP degradability of concentrate mix was decreased with increasing doses of glycerol. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives was quadratically (P b 0.02) changed with altering glycerol supplementation (65.0, 65.7, 71.1 and 67.2 mmol/d for control, LG, MG and HG, respectively). Similarly, digestibilities of OM, NDF and CP in the total tract were also linearly increased with increasing glycerol. The results indicate that glycerol supplementation potentially improves rumen fermentation with increased propionate production and feed digestibility in the total digestive tract of beef cattle. It suggests that feeding glycerol stimulates the ruminal microorganisms or digestive enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. Under the current experimental conditions, the optimum glycerol dose was about 200 g glycerol per head per day.
Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2009
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid (RPA) associated to two (80:20 and 60:40) forage:concentrate ratios (FCR), for young bulls. Four Holstein × Zebu crossbred young bulls with average age of 7 months and 160 kg of body weight (BW) were distributed to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. A total mixed ration, isonitrogenous diets, was ad libitum fed to animals. The propionic acid was obtained by fermentation of reconstituted milk whey by the consortium of bacteria Enterococcus sp. and Veillonella sp.. Daily and along with the supply of solid feeds, 2 L of the compound containing propionic acid were intrainfused in the rumen. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the intake of nutrients, except for total digestible nutrients (TDN). The organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN intakes were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction on the total digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and TC. However, the digestibility of DM, OM, EE and CT were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the mean N-NH 3 concentration and pH of the rumen fluid; however, RPA provided effect on the pH measured 4 hours after meal. There was no interaction or effect of the main factors on volatile fatty acids concentrations in the rumen fluid, or on glucose levels and serum urea nitrogen.
2011
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of degradation characteristics of six feed supplements on ruminal volatile fatty acid and amino acid production and profile using three ruminally cannulated male sheep. The sheep were fed a concentrate to forage ratio of 35:65. The supplements came from Soybean Meal (SBM), Corn Meal (CM), Meat and Bone Meal (MBM), Feather Meal (FtM), Blood Meal (BM), and distillers Dried Gain with Soluble (DDGs). Sheep were fed at 6 h interval for 42 days. Ruminal parameters such as pH, NH4 + , temperature, NO3G, and Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) were measured over a 12 h period after feeding. Concentrations of pH, NH4 + , and NO3G showed significant difference (p<0.001) across all dietary treatments. Sheep fed BM had higher pH (6.64 vs. 5.81), NH 4 + (262.31 vs. 1.95 ppm), and NO 3 G (559.71 vs. 77.40 ppm) values than did those fed CM whereas FtM showed intermediate values. The C2/ (C3+C4) ratio of the major VFA showed a significant differe...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of LaCl 3 supplementation on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in the total tract of steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (420 ± 20 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. The treatments were control (without LaCl 3); La-low; La-medium and La-high with 450, 900 and 1800 mg LaCl 3 per steer per day, respectively. Diet consisted of 600 g/kg corn stover and 400 g/kg concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). Dry matter intake (averaged 9 kg/day) was restricted to a maximum of 90% of ad libitum intake. Ruminal pH (range of 6.59-6.42) was quadratically (P<0.04) changed, whereas total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration (range of 74.16-88.61 mM) was linearly (P<0.01) and quadratically (P<0.01) increased with increasing La supplementation. Ratio of acetate to propionate decreased linearly (P<0.01) from 3.28 to 1.79 as La supplementation increased due to the increased in propionate production. In situ ruminal neutral detergent fibre (aNDF) degradation of corn stover was improved but the crude protein (CP) degradability of soybean meal was decreased with increasing La supplementation. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives was quadratically (P<0.01) changed with altering La supplementation (75.