Reflections on a Decade of Research and Excavations at Tell el-Borg and Its Environs (1998-2008) (original) (raw)
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Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 134, 2018
Tell el-Fār a (South) in southwest Israel is well known from the excavations by FLINDERS PETRIE in 1928. Between 1998, the site was reinvestigated by a team of Ben-Gurion University directed by GUNNAR LEHMANN. The renewed excavations exposed evidence dating from the Middle Bronze Age through the Roman Period. Of particular importance are the fortifications and the ceramics of the Iron Age published here. The evidence from the renewed excavations allows a new evaluation of the site and the northwestern Negev in the context of recent archaeological research in southern Israel. 110 Gunnar Lehmann, Revital Golding-Meir, Bat-Ami Neumeier-Potashnik, Hermann M. Niemann southeast of Gaza and 30 kilometers west of Beer-Sheba on a loess cliff above the banks of the Wādī Ġ azze /Wādī eš-Šellāle /Naḣ al B e śōr (map reference: New Israel Grid 1507.5770).
A Third-Millennium BC Elite Tomb and Other New Evidence from Tell Umm el-
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Abstract The 1999-2000 excavations by the Dutch-American team at Tell Umm el-Marra, western Syria, achieved significant new results on the history and character of Bronze Age and later occupation at the site. Of particular note was the discovery of an intact high status (royal?) tomb of the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2300 B.C.) in the site center, providing data for testing hypotheses on the character and ideology of Syrian elites in this period. Important new information was also obtained on the earliest occupation of Umm el-Marra in the early third millennium B.C., the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze periods, and the urban revitalization of Middle Bronze II. Results from subsequent eras included the discovery of a Late Bronze period Mitannian legal tablet from the reign of Shuttarna II (early 14th century B.C.) and new data on the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, and Roman period occupations.* In May-July 1999 and 2000, the Johns Hopkins University and the University of Amsterdam conducted their fourth and fifth full excavation seasons at Tell Umm el-Marra east of Aleppo in the Jabbul plain of western Syria. Halfway between Aleppo and ancient Emar, Umm el-Marra was located on a major east-west route connecting Mesopotamia and western Syria (fig. 1). The ca. 25 ha site (fig. 2) can be construed as a Bronze Age regional center and probably served as a frontier community mediating contacts between sedentary and steppe zones.1 * We are grateful to the Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, Syria, for its support of the Umm el-Marra project. Particular thanks go to Dr. Abdarrazzaq Moaz, Director-General, Dr. Sultan Muhesen, Director-General during the 1999-2000 seasons, Dr. Michel al-Maqdissi, Director of Excavations, our representatives MahmudHamoud (1999) andNasr Sharaf (2000) , and our site guard Muhammad al-Helu. Staff in 1999 consisted of Glenn Schwartz and Hans Curvers, co-directors; Sally Dunham, site supervisor and small finds analyst; Jill Weber, zooarchaeologistand excavator; Barbara Stuart, human skeletal analyst, excavator, and object photographer; Jaafar Fadlallah, ceramic conservator; Violaine Chauvet, site supervisors. Staff in 2000 consisted of Glenn Schwartz and Hans Curvers, co-directors; Sally Dunham, site supervisor and small finds analyst; Jill Weber, zooarchaeologist and excavator; Barbara Stuart, human skeletal analyst, excavator, and object photographer; Lydia Grunstra, artist; Jaafar Fadlallah, ceramic con-Umm el-Marra and its region function as the locus for a case study of the emergence and early trajectory of complex societies in western Syria, an urban civilization first effectively revealed by the excavations at Ebla (Tell Mardikh) south of Aleppo. While Ebla has yielded evidence on an urban center and political power of the first order, Umm el-Marra (=ancientTuba?) provides data on the development of a secondary center and its hinterland. The Hopkins-Amsterdam project, inaugurated in 1994, aims to investigate the major developmental episodes in the history of urban life at Umm el-Marra and its region through excavation and survey.2 Research foci and results achieved in the 1994-1997 seasons included: 1. The origins of complex societies in the Early Bronze Age (third millennium B.C., see table 1): Relatively limited excavations documented the presence of an earthen community enclosure wall, sequences of domestic architecture, and a two-chamber updraft ceramic kiln on the mound's west slope in this earliest era of occupation at Umm el-Marra. Survey results indicated that the foundation of the EB town was accompanied by the proliferation of numerous smaller settlements in the region.