The Zagreb Earthquake of 22 March 2020 (original) (raw)
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The Mw5.4 Zagreb (Croatia) earthquake of March 22, 2020: impacts and response
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2021
This paper highlights the principal features of the Mw5.4 Zagreb earthquake. Located within the city limits at a depth of 10 km, the earthquake generated a peak ground acceleration of more than 0.2 g and a maximum spectral acceleration of about 0.6 g at 0.1 s in the historic downtown area. The situation was particularly challenging since the event occurred amid a partial Covid-19 lockdown at temperatures close to 0 °C, emphasizing the extensive and complex vulnerability of the local communities and individuals. 27 people were reported severely injured, one of which later died. The surprisingly high economic costs, needed to achieve a full reconstruction of damaged buildings and infrastructure in the affected area, are currently evaluated at more than 10B euros. Description of the organization of the emergency response in the first days and the observed damage to buildings is given with typical examples. The focus is on the performance of older masonry residential and cultural herita...
Destructive M6.2 Petrinja Earthquake (Croatia) in 2020—Preliminary Multidisciplinary Research
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On 28 December 2020, seismic activity in the wider Petrinja area strongly intensified after a period of relative seismological quiescence that had lasted more than 100 years (since the well-known M5.8 Kupa Valley earthquake of 1909, which is known based on the discovery of the Mohorovičić discontinuity). The day after the M5 foreshock, a destructive M6.2 mainshock occurred. Outcomes of preliminary seismological, geological and SAR image analyses indicate that the foreshocks, mainshock and aftershocks were generated due to the (re)activation of a complex fault system—the intersection of longitudinal NW–SE right-lateral and transverse NE–SW left-lateral faults along the transitional contact zone of the Dinarides and the Pannonian Basin. According to a survey of damage to buildings, approximately 15% of buildings were very heavily damaged or collapsed. Buildings of special or outstanding historical or cultural heritage significance mostly collapsed or became unserviceable. A preliminar...
Source Mechanism and Size of the 24 April 2002 ML 5.2 Gnjilane (Kosovo) Earthquake
Contributions, Section of Natural, Mathematical and Biotechnical Sciences, 2017
A b s t r a c t: The 24 April 2002 ML 5.2 Gnjilane earthquake was studied first through inversion of the Sg – Lg wave group displacement amplitude spectrum and P-nodal planes determination. The seismic moment, source spectrum corner frequency and Brune equivalent circular fault surface for this shock were obtained, respectively, as M0 = 6.48·1016 N·m, f0 = 0.59 Hz and Σs,eq = 15.2 km2. The P-nodal planes for the four strongest aftershocks and the distribution of other aftershocks’ epicentres were determined, too, and used in identifying the actual source mechanism of the main shock by a simple method that included also the vertical projections on the Earth’s surface of the main shock Σs,eq with the two main shock P-nodal planes as possible fault planes. It was found that the main shock was caused by a normal right lateral faulting in a plane which struck with an azimuth of 238° and dipped toward NNW under an angle of 22°. This faulting was associated with the shear stressed fault st...
An updated and unified earthquake catalogue for the Western Balkan Region
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2015
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Loesses Due to Historical Earthquakes in The Balkan Region: overview of publicly available data
Geofizika
This study analyzes catastrophic losses due to earthquakes in the Balkan region. Analysis is based on the following data on earthquakes, collected from the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium) for 1900 to 2010: numbers of fatalities, size of the affected population and costs of material damages. Catastrophic losses were caused by 62 earthquakes in countries within the region: Slovenia, and Greece. The analysis shows that a significant number of people in the Balkan region were killed (4974) or were affected (2033723) by the earthquakes and that many countries suffered significant material damages (10410.16 million USD) during the analyzed period. The main disadvantage of using publicly available sources is the lack of consistent data on earthquake damages. A brief review of the most catastrophic earthquakes recorded in databases through the last 110 years is given, based on the data from publicly available databases.
1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering
On 29 December 2020 devastating M6.2 earthquake hit well known Petrinja epicentral area, and caused strong damage on many buildings in Petrinja, Sisak, and Glina, as well as on solid modern linear infrastructure (roads, bridges, artificial river embankments, pipelines etc.). The seismic hazard is not depending only on the estimated coseismic ground acceleration that should be used for EUROCODE 8 constructional seismic design, but is also strongly dependent on local soil effects and on the secondary effects of a strong earthquake (landslides, liquefaction, suffosion, etc.). Besides, movement of the crustal blocks along the fault lines that cross the solid objects, in case of surface coseismic rupture such was the Petrinja event, should be evaluated. Local site amplification effects are the results of several physical processes (multiple reflections and diffractions, focusing, resonance, wave trapping) in the overlying superifical deposits and soil, resulting in variable damage distribution that were observed in different local geological units affected by an earthquake. Also, the variable surface topography and various mechanical properties of the terrain such as water table, slopes, presence of heterogeneities, structural discontinuities and cavities, certainly can contribute to the observed damage and increase geological hazard in epicentral area. How many unknown active faults we can identified in Croatia? What could be surface manifestation of a strong earthquake that will occure on a shallow thrust (reverse) fault? Is there any major normal active fault that can surprise seismotectonic experts and civil engineers? The authors published first scientific paper after the Zagreb 22 March 2020 event and are currently working on active tectonics in Kvarner region and Hrvatsko Zagorje. Besides, a new Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ) project has just been started with special attention on soil dynamic properties and its influence on the seismic hazard of the older cultural buildings in Trakošćan, Šibenik and Dubrovnik.
Quick Use of Satellite and Gi Technologies After Earthquake-Petrinja 29.12.2020
2021
Željko Bačić 1 Danijel Šugar 2 Zvonimir Nevistić 3 UDK: 629.783:550.34(497.5) DOI: 10.14415/konferencijaGFS2021.57 Summary: On December 29th, 2020, the wider area of Banija was hit by a strong earthquake with a strength of 6.2 on the Richter scale with an epicenter near town of Petrinja. The quake, which was also felt outside Croatia's borders, caused the deaths of seven people and major devastation. Thousands of buildings were destroyed and become unusable, as well as significant parts of the utility infrastructure. Also, visible traces of soil movement were observed. Before and after the main quake, the epicentral area was hit by many aftershocks, several of them with magnitude higher than 4.5 on the Richter scale. Before that, on March 22nd, 2020, town of Zagreb was also hit by a strong earthquake with the strength of 5.5 on the Richter scale. Already after Zagreb earthquake a great need for spatial interpretation of the event and its aftermath has been recognized. Therefore,...
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1Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan 2Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Shimabara 855-0843, Japan 3Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan 4Research Center for Seismology, Volcanology and Disaster Mitigation, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan 5Earthquake Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan 6Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8350, Japan
Rapid Inventory of Earthquake Damage (RIED
2001
The 25 January 1999 Quindío earthquake in Colombia was a major disaster for the coffee-growing region in Colombia. Most of the damage occurred in the city of Armenia and surrounding villages. Damage due to earthquakes is strongly related to topographic and subsurface geotechnical conditions underneath structures and houses. The RIED project used aerial photographs to obtain a rapid inventory of the earthquake damage right after the seismic event. This inventory was subsequently used to identify any existing relation with subsurface-and topographic conditions.