Antipsychotics and the Risk of Mortality or Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Hospitalized Adults (original) (raw)
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Antipsychotics and associated risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2014
Antipsychotic drugs have been associated with sudden cardiac death, but differences in the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) associated with different antipsychotic drug classes are not clear. We identified all OHCAs in Denmark (2001-2010). The risk of OHCA associated with antipsychotic drug use was evaluated by conditional logistic regression analysis in case-time-control models. In total, 2,205 (7.6%) of 28,947 OHCA patients received treatment with an antipsychotic drug at the time of the event. Overall, treatment with any antipsychotic drug was associated with OHCA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-1.89), as was use with typical antipsychotics (OR = 1.66, CI: 1.27-2.17). By contrast, overall, atypical antipsychotic drug use was not (OR = 1.29, CI: 0.90-1.85). Two individual typical antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol (OR = 2.43, CI: 1.20-4.93) and levomepromazine (OR = 2.05, CI: 1.18-3.56), were associated with OHCA, as was one atypical antipsyc...
Journal of clinical & experimental cardiology, 2013
Antipsychotic drugs have been linked to QT-interval prolongation, a presumed marker of cardiac risk, and torsade de pointes. To examine the associations between antipsychotics and 1) outpatient-originated sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia (SD/VA) and 2) all-cause death. Two retrospective cohort studies. Medicaid programs of California, Florida, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Incident antipsychotic users aged 30-75 years. 1) Incident, first-listed emergency department or principal inpatient SD/VA diagnoses; and 2) death reported in the Social Security Administration Death Master File. Among 459,614 incident antipsychotic users, the incidences of SD/VA and death were 3.4 and 35.1 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Compared to olanzapine as the referent, adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for SD/VA were 2.06 (95% CI, 1.20-3.53) for chlorpromazine, 1.72 (1.28-2.31) for haloperidol, and 0.73 (0.57-0.93) for quetiapine. Adjusted HRs for perphenazine and risperidone were consi...
Sudden cardiac death and antipsychotics. Part 2: Monitoring and prevention
Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 2006
Available evidence does not yet allow accurate comparison of the quantitative risk of serious cardiovascular side-effects or sudden cardiac death for all antipsychotics, not least because several agents have not been examined in sufficient detail. Nevertheless, an elevated risk of serious adverse Abstract Cardiac safety of antipsychotic drugs continues to be a concern for both typical and atypical antipsychotics.
Risk of Mortality Among Patients Treated With Antipsychotic Medications
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2016
In this nationwide population-based study, we examined whether haloperidol exposure is associated with a higher risk of mortality than are other antipsychotic medications. Patients who newly received monotherapy with chlorpromazine (n = 2133), haloperidol (n = 4454), quetiapine (n = 1513), and risperidone (n = 1046) between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2011, were selected from a random sample of the 1 million enrollees of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The association between antipsychotic prescription and mortality was estimated through Cox proportional hazard regression. To examine the mortality rates of antipsychotics at different exposure durations, we compared the differences among short-term (≤30 days), midterm (31-90 days), and long-term (>90 days) antipsychotic use. The mortality rates during the follow-up among the chlorpromazine, haloperidol, quetiapine, and risperidone groups were 17.4%, 45.5%, 26.8%, and 25.9%, respectively. The mortality risk among patients receiving haloperidol was the highest within 30 days of the prescription, after which the risk reduced rapidly. Compared with the patients receiving chlorpromazine, the mortality risk was higher in short-term (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.87-2.39) and midterm haloperidol users (1.86; 1.54-2.25) than in long-term users (0.99; 0.61-1.61). In conclusion, haloperidol use is associated with higher mortality risk than other antipsychotic medications. The mortality risk varies according to the duration of drug exposure. Underlying characteristics and medical conditions may influence the estimation of the mortality risk. Clinicians should pay attention to the mortality risk when prescribing antipsychotic medications, particularly for the elderly and critically ill patients.
Antipsychotic Polypharmacy-Related Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Comprehensive Review
Neurology International
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that exists at the more extreme end of a spectrum of diseases, and significantly affects daily functioning. Cardiovascular adverse effects of antipsychotic medications are well known, and include changes in blood pressure and arrhythmias. Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death worldwide, and antipsychotic medications are associated with numerous cardiac side effects. A possible link exists between antipsychotic medications and sudden cardiac death. Common prescribing patterns that may influence cardiovascular events include the use of multiple antipsychotics and/or additional drugs commonly prescribed to patients on antipsychotics. The results of this review reflect an association between antipsychotic drugs and increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death by iatrogenic prolongation of the QTc interval. QTc prolongation and sudden cardiac death exist in patients taking antipsychotic monotherapy. The risk increas...
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2019
ObjectiveTo quantify the risk of hip fracture, thromboembolism, stroke, myocardial infarction, pneumonia and sudden cardiac death associated with exposure to antipsychotics.MethodsSystematic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase and PsycINFO from inception until 30/07/2018 for systematic reviews of observational studies. AMSTAR‐2 was used for the quality assessment of systematic reviews, while the strength of associations was measured using GRADE and quantitative umbrella review criteria (URC).ResultsSixty‐eight observational studies from six systematic reviews were included. The association between antipsychotic exposure and pneumonia was the strongest [URC = class I; GRADE = low quality; odds ratio (OR) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.62–2.09; participants = 28 726; age = 76.2 ± 12.3 years], followed by the association with hip fracture (URC = class II; GRADE = low quality; OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.42–1.74; participants = 5 288 118; age = 55.4 ± 12.5 years), and thrombo...
A systematic review of cardiovascular effects after atypical antipsychotic medication overdose
The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2009
As the use of atypical antipsychotic medications (AAPM) increases, the number of overdoses continues to grow. Cardiovascular toxicity was common with older psychiatric medications, but appears uncommon with AAPM. We conducted a systematic literature review to describe the cardiovascular effects reported following overdose of 5 common AAPM: Aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. We included case reports and case series describing overdose of these 5 medications identified in a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and abstracts from major toxicology meetings. We found 13 pediatric cases (<7 yr), 22 adolescent cases (7-16 years) and 185 adult cases. No pediatric case described a ventricular dysrhythmia or a cardiovascular death. In the adolescent and adult cases we found numerous reports of prolonged QTC interval and hypotension, but there were only three cases of ventricular dysrhythmia and three deaths that may have been due to direct cardiovascular toxicity. The results from case series reports were similar to the single case report data. Our review suggests that overdose of AAPM is unlikely to cause significant cardiovascular toxicity.
Antipsychotic Exposures in an Emergency Department
Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 2017
Antipsychotic medications have been used in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, paranoia, and psychotic depression for many years (1). Nearly seven decades ago, phenothiazines and butyrophenones were used to manage the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and they called typical antipsychotics (2). Because of the excess adverse effects of typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine, which have fewer extrapyramidal adverse effects, were developed (3, 4). The adverse effects of antipsychotics are related to their typical or atypical structure. Although all antipsychotics more or less block the transmission of dopamine in the brain, atypical antipsychotics have a different pharmacological profile with blockade of serotonin 5HT 2 receptors (5). Antipsychotic medication overdose results, important life-threatening toxic effects mainly on cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS). Tachycardia, mild hypotension, and QT prolongation in electrocardiogram are the most common cardiovascular findings and sedation, agitation, coma are the most common CNS findings of antipsychotic exposures. Extrapyramidal symptoms are dose-independent and mostly develop at the beginning of the antipsychotic treatment or observed in toxic doses. Anticholinergic effects observed in therapeutic doses and also more prominent in overdose (6).
Antipsychotic prescription and mortality in hospitalized older persons
Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 2017
Recent scientific reports have shown that older persons treated with antipsychotics for dementia-related behavioural symptoms have increased mortality. However, the impact of these drugs prescribed during hospitalization has rarely been assessed. We aimed to investigate whether antipsychotics are associated with an increased risk of mortality during hospitalization and at 3-month follow-up in elderly inpatients. We analyzed data gathered during two waves (2010 and 2012) by the REPOSI (Registro Politerapie Società Italiana Medicina Interna). All new prescriptions of antipsychotic drugs during hospitalization, whether maintained or discontinued at discharge, were collected, and logistic regression models were used to analyze their association with in-hospital and 3-month mortality. Covariates were age, sex, the Short Blessed Test (SBT) score, and the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Among 2703 patients included in the study, 135 (5%) received new prescriptions for antipsychotic drugs....
BMJ, 2002
Objective To examine the rates of cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with treated schizophrenia and in non-schizophrenic controls. Design Cohort study of outpatients using administrative data. Setting 3 US Medicaid programmes. Participants Patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine, haloperidol, risperidone, or thioridazine; a control group of patients with glaucoma; and a control group of patients with psoriasis. Main outcome measure Diagnosis of cardiac arrest or ventricular arrhythmia. Results Patients with treated schizophrenia had higher rates of cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia than controls, with rate ratios ranging from 1.7 to 3.2. Overall, thioridazine was not associated with an increased risk compared with haloperidol (rate ratio 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.2). However, thioridazine showed an increased risk of events at doses >600 mg (2.6, 1.0 to 6.6; P=0.049) and a linear dose-response relation (P=0.038). Conclusions The increased risk of cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with treated schizophrenia could be due to the disease or its treatment. Overall, the risk with thioridazine was no worse than that with haloperidol. Thioridazine may, however, have a higher risk at high doses, although this finding could be due to chance. To reduce cardiac risk, thioridazine should be prescribed at the lowest dose needed to obtain an optimal therapeutic effect.