Type 2 diabetes mellitus coincident with pulmonary or latent tuberculosis results in modulation of adipocytokines (original) (raw)
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Adiponectin Levels as a Marker of Inflammation in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2015
Background: tuberculosis (TB) is a multisystem disease with myriad presentations and manifestations that may be pulmonary or extra-pulmonary. It is the most common cause of infectious diseases related mortality worldwide. Mechanisms underlying host defense to TB infection are poorly understood. Adiponectin is a protein produced exclusively in adipose tissue; it is lower in obese subjects than their lean counterparts. Another adipocyte hormone is leptin which is higher with fat mass and body mass index (BMI). Wasting is a known feature of TB with a decrease in BMI. Patients with pulmonary TB disease often suffer from weight loss and BMI and leptin are known to be inversely correlated with adiponectin. Thus, increased adiponectin may be a promising marker for severity of the disease independent of the BMI and leptin. Aims of the work: the work aimed to evaluate the levels of serum adiponectin in patients with pulmonary TB in both active and latent TB patients as a diagnostic marker for tuberculous inflammation. Also, levels of serum leptin and measured BMI were evaluated and compared to make a relationship among active TB, latent TB, and healthy control groups. Subjects and Methods: the subjects were divided into 3 equal groups. The 1 st group included 25 patients with active pulmonary TB. The 2 nd group included 25 patients with latent TB after 6 months of diagnosis. The 3 rd group included 25 healthy control volunteers. Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin were measured and BMI values were calculated to all groups. Results: Serum adiponectin levels in patients with active pulmonary TB were very highly significantly increased compared to both latent TB patients and healthy subjects (P<0.0001), while serum adiponectin levels in patients with latent pulmonary TB were only significantly increased compared to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). On the other hand, serum leptin levels in patients with active pulmonary TB were very highly significantly decreased compared to both latent TB patients and healthy subjects (P<0.0001), while serum leptin levels in patients with latent pulmonary TB were only significantly decreased compared to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). Also, BMI in patients with active pulmonary TB were very highly significantly decreased compared to both latent TB patients and healthy subjects (P<0.001), while BMI in patients with latent pulmonary TB were only significantly decreased compared to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). Conclusion: the higher levels of adiponectin with lower levels of leptin in association with lower BMI measurements might indicate activity and severity of the TB disease. On the other hand, the lower levels of adiponectin with higher levels of leptin in association with higher BMI measurements might indicate stability and latency of the TB disease. Thus, increased adiponectin in the serum of pulmonary TB patients may be promising markers for severity of the disease independent of the BMI and leptin levels.
IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2017
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. In 2013, an estimated 9.0 million people developed TB and 1.5 million died from the disease. TB is slowly declining each year and it is estimated that 37 million lives were saved between 2000 and 2013 through effective diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: The present study enrolled Pulmonary TB subjects with the objectives to estimate the levels of serum Adiponectin, Leptin, Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), high sensitivity-C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) & Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and to find correlation between Adiponectin, Leptin, Adiponectin/Leptin ratio, TNF-α, hs-CRP & IFN-γ in patients before and after treatment. Materials and Method: The study involved all the patients who were newly diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis in the OPD of Pulmonary Medicine of SGT Hospital. Venous blood samples of 50 patients of TB were collected before and after treatment with Anti TB drugs to estimate the levels of Adiponectin, Leptin, hs-CRP, INF–γ and TNF-α by commercially available kits in the Laboratory of Department of Biochemistry. Results: The levels of Adiponectin were higher in subjects diagnosed as new case sputum positive Pulmonary TB whereas the levels of Leptin and BMI measurements were low. Inflammatory markers like TNF-α, hs-CRP & IFN-γ were high in subjects before treatment and decreased after 6 months of Anti-Tubercular Treatment under DOTS Category 1. Conclusion: Adiponectin, Leptin, TNF-α, hs-CRP & IFN-γ can be labeled as potential biomarkers in the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis.
Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2013
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for the development of active tuberculosis, although the biological basis underlying this susceptibility remains poorly characterized. To identify the influence of coincident diabetes mellitus on cytokine levels in pulmonary tuberculosis, we examined circulating levels of a panel of cytokines and chemokines in the plasma of individuals with tuberculosis with diabetes and compared them with those of individuals without diabetes. Tuberculosis with diabetes is characterized by elevated circulating levels of type 1 (IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-2), type 2 (IL-5), and type 17 (IL-17A) cytokines but decreased circulating levels of IL-22. This was associated with increased systemic levels of other proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18) and an antiinflammatory cytokine (IL-10) but not type 1 IFNs. Moreover, tuberculosis antigen-stimulated whole blood also showed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Finally, type...
Altered Systemic Adipokine Levels in Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Changes following Treatment
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2018
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is associated with modulation of levels of adipokines, specifically adiponectin and leptin, but the effect of standard antituberculosis treatment (ATT) on the systemic levels of adiponectin, resistin, and leptin has not been well explored. To identify the association of adipokines with PTB and their relationship with disease severity and bacterial burden, we measured the levels of adiponectin, resistin, and leptin in PTB individuals and compared them with latent tuberculosis (LTB) and healthy control (HC) individuals. Pulmonary tuberculosis was characterized by diminished circulating levels of adiponectin and leptin and heightened circulating levels of resistin in comparison to that in LTB and HC individuals. However, PTB with bilateral or cavitary disease did not exhibit any increased systemic levels of these adipokines in comparison with those with unilateral or non-cavitary disease, respectively. In addition, none of the adipokines exhibited a positiv...
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a well-known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), but little is known about pre-diabetes and the relative contribution of impaired glucose tolerance vs. obesity towards susceptibility to TB. Here, we developed a preclinical model of pre-diabetes and TB. Mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks presented with impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia compared to mice fed normal chow diet (NCD). Infection with M. tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv after the onset of dysglycemia was associated with significantly increased lung pathology, lower concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-β and IL-10 and a trend towards higher bacterial burden at 3 weeks post infection. To determine whether the increased susceptibility of pre-diabetic mice to TB is reversible and is associated with dysglycemia or increased body fat mass, we performed a diet reversal experiment. Pre-diabetic mice were fed a NCD for 10 additional weeks (HFD/NCD) at which point glucose tolerance was restored, ...
Adipose Tissue Regulates Pulmonary Pathology during TB Infection
mBio
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. One-third of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis, and about 15 million people with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) reside in the United States. An estimated 10% of individuals with LTBI are at risk of progressing to active disease. Loss of body mass, or wasting, accompanied by a significant reduction of body fat is often associated with active TB disease and is considered to be immunosuppressive and a major determinant of severity and outcome of disease. While the lungs are the primary site of M. tuberculosis infection and TB manifestation, recent reports have shown that adipose tissue serves as an important reservoir for M. tuberculosis. In this article, we investigated the association between M. tuberculosis infection, adipose tissue, and TB disease progression using a transgenic inducible “fatless” model system, the FAT-ATTAC (fat a...
Assessment of Adiponectin as a Marker for Severity of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2014
Background:To evaluate the serum levels of adiponectin in patients with both active and old pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) and their possible relation with the severity of the disease, forty patients of both sexes suffering from pulmonary TB (20 cases active and 20 cases old) were matched with 20 healthy control volunteers in this study from February 2014 to June 2014. Body mass index (BMI) and serum levels of adiponectin were measured in all subjects. Results: Both BMI and serum levels of adiponectin were significantly different between active TB patients and control. Comparing old TB patients with controls also have the same results. No correlation between BMI and serum adiponectin level in old TB patients was found, while adiponectin levels in active TB patients show a significant negative correlation. Conclusion: Increased adiponectin in serum of TB patients may be a promising marker for severity of the disease independent of BMI.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection modulates adipose tissue biology
PLoS pathogens, 2017
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) primarily resides in the lung but can also persist in extrapulmonary sites. Macrophages are considered the prime cellular habitat in all tissues. Here we demonstrate that Mtb resides inside adipocytes of fat tissue where it expresses stress-related genes. Moreover, perigonadal fat of Mtb-infected mice disseminated the infection when transferred to uninfected animals. Adipose tissue harbors leukocytes in addition to adipocytes and other cell types and we observed that Mtb infection induces changes in adipose tissue biology depending on stage of infection. Mice infected via aerosol showed infiltration of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or arginase 1 (Arg1)-negative F4/80+ cells, despite recruitment of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Gene expression analysis of adipose tissue of aerosol Mtb-infected mice provided evidence for upregulated expression of genes associated with T cells and NK cells at 28 days post-infection. Strikingly, IFN-γ-producing N...