Effects of Fatigue on Throwing Performance in Experienced Team Handball Players (original) (raw)
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Analysis of fatigue development during elite male handball matches
This study aimed at describing the physiological demands and fatigue development during elite male handball matches. Our hypothesis was that players perform multiple high-intensity activities during periods of the game and develop temporary and end match neuromuscular fatigue. Time-motion analyses and heart rate (HR) recordings were performed in 40 players during 12 competitive matches. Blood samples were collected, and sprint, jump, and intermittent exercise performance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance level 2 test [YYIE2]) was assessed for 18 players at baseline conditions and after 2 competitive matches, and additional blood sampling and testing were performed for 12 of these players during a friendly match. The time spent with high-intensity running (4.4 6 2.0 to 3.1 6 1.7%), the frequency of demanding actions (61 6 5 to 54 6 6), and the time with HR above 80%HRmax (62 6 21 to 41 6 17%) were lowered from the first to the second half. Average blood lactate during the match was 3.6 6 2.1 (1.3–8.6) mM. Plasma free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, glucose, and uric acid increased (p # 0.05) during the first half and plasma FFA and glycerol increased further (p # 0.05) during the second half. After an intense period in the second half, sprint performance was decreased by 3.9 6 4.9%. After the match, YYIE2 (33.4 6 8.7%), vertical jump (7.4 6 6.5%), and 20-m sprint performance (1.6 6 2.6%) was lower (p # 0.05) than at baseline. This study showed that the intensity is high in certain periods during elite male handball games and that physical performance is impaired both temporarily during and toward the end of games confirming our hypothesis. These findings enables physical trainers and coaches to plan and design proper game-specific training exercises aiming at delaying both temporary and end-game fatigue and strengthen the physiological rationale for the need for substitutions in various stages of match-play.
International Journal of Motor Control and Learning
Background: The speed and accuracy of performance are affected by various factors, including mental fatigue. The current study investigated the effect of two durations of 15 and 30 minutes' mental fatigue on the speed and accuracy of throwing performance in skilled men handball players. Methods: The present study was semi-experimental with the participating of 45 skilled players (24.98 ± 3.66 years) who were randomly assigned to 15-minute, 30-minute mental fatigue, and the control group. Mental fatigue was induced by the Stroop task, and the accuracy of the throwing, hit percent, and speed of performance were measured before and after the induction of mental fatigue. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance with repeated measure. Results: Throwing speed and accuracy, as well as the Hit percent, decreased in both groups after 15 and 30 minutes of mental fatigue (P<0.05). In the two groups of 30 and 15 minutes of mental fatigue, no significant difference was observed in the decrement of throwing accuracy (P<0.05). Conclusion: The impact of mental fatigue goes beyond specialized technical performance in a sport, and any decline in performance due to mental fatigue is likely related to motivational issues. Also, mental fatigue causes attention to be diverted from target stimuli to stimuli that are irrelevant to task performance, leading to a reduced capacity to tight control over the primary task. To protecting the accuracy of performance in tasks require speed, mental activity of the athlete should be avoided before the performance.
BMC sports science, medicine and rehabilitation, 2016
Arm throwing represents a deciding element in handball. Ball velocity, aim accuracy, and dynamic stability of the shoulder are factors that influence throwing effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of muscle fatigue caused by simulated game activities (SGA) on shoulder rotational isokinetic muscle strength, muscle balance and throwing performance, and to examine the relationship between muscle strength and throwing performance. Ten national elite adult handball athletes were evaluated. Isokinetic internal (IR), external (ER) rotators peak torque, and balance ratio were measured before and after SGA. Ball throwing velocity was assessed by radar gun. Both internal (IR) and external (ER) rotators peak torque were significantly lower after SGA (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.02, respectively). However, the deleterious effect was more evident for IR than ER muscles (effect size r = 0.39 and r = 0.18, respectively). Balance ratio before and after SGA did not differ (p...
The effects of aerobic fatigue on jump shot kinematics in team handball players
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, 2015
Background: Aerobic fatigue from running may contribute to altered kinematics and as a result the possibility of injury exists. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic fatigue on jump shot kinematics in team handball players. Methods: Ten male team handball players (23.60 ± 3.06 years; 184.68 ± 8.78 cm; 84.76 ± 9.23 kg) volunteered. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to examine the kinematics of the jump shot prior to and following aerobic fatigue. The fatiguing protocol consisted of running to exhaustion at a speed that corresponded with 80% of their heart rate maximum. Results: Significant pelvis and trunk kinematic differences were observed following the aerobic fatigue protocol. For both the trunk (F6, 54 = 5.10; P < .01; power = 0.99) and pelvis (F3, 27 = 14.47; P < .01; power = 1.00) a three-way interaction of event x time x direction was observed. At foot contact, significant differences were observed for pelvis lateral flexion, pelvis r...
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2007
The purpose of the present study was to determine the acute fatigue development in muscle mechanical properties and neuromuscular activity in response to handball match play. Male elite handball players (n 5 10) were tested before and after a simulated handball match for maximal isometric strength [maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] and rate of force development (RFD) with synchronous electromyography (EMG) recording, while maximal vertical jump parameters were assessed using force plate analysis. Quadriceps and hamstrings MVC and RFD decreased significantly post-match ( $ 10%, Po0.05 and $ 16-21%, Po0.05, respectively). During quadriceps, MVC mean EMG amplitude [mean average voltage (MAV)] decreased for the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) (21-42%, P 0.05), while MAV also decreased in the antagonist biceps femoris (BF) muscle (48-55%, Po0.01). During hamstring MVC, MAV was reduced in BF (31%, Po0.01). Maximum EMG amplitude during quadriceps MVC was reduced for the VL (28%, Po0.01) and the RF (5%, Po0.05). During hamstring MVC, maximum EMG was reduced for BF (21%, Po0.01). Post-match maximal jump height was reduced (5.2%, Po0.01), as was also work (6.8%, Po0.01), velocity of center of mass (2.4-4.0%, Po0.01) and RFD ( $ 30%, Po0.05). In conclusion, maximal (MVC) and rapid muscle force characteristics (RFD, impulse) were acutely affected concurrently with marked reductions in muscle EMG following handball match play, which may potentially lead to impaired functional performance.
Skeletal muscle fatigue does not affect shooting accuracy of handball players
Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 2019
BACKGROUND: Shooting accuracy and ball speed are important factors relating to scoring in handball that could be affected by skeletal muscle fatigue. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of muscle fatigue on male handball players' shooting accuracy and ball speed. METHODS: Sixteen elite handball players (Mage = 17.1 ± 1.7 years) participated in the laboratory and the field-testing sessions. Running speeds equal to 75% of participants' maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) values from laboratory tests were used as the initial velocity for the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) in the fatigue protocol. Participants shot to the target at random visual signals placed behind the target before and after fatigue. We used an accelerometer and a radar gun to measure wrist acceleration and ball speed, respectively. We also recorded numbers of accurate and inaccurate shots. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between pre-fatigue and post-fatigue protocols in terms of accurate and inaccurate shots, and ball speed. Only wrist acceleration in the Y axis (Mpre-fatigue = 33.12, SD = 1.17msec; Mpost-fatigue = 34.50, SD = 1.21msec) was affected by the fatigue protocol in inaccurate shots (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Muscular fatigue does not affect shooting accuracy and ball speed in male handball players.
Physical and physiological demands of elite team handball
This study aimed to analyze elite team handball physical and physiological demands during match play. Time-motion (N = 30) and heart rate (HR; N = 60) analyses were performed throughout 10 official matches. The defined locomotor categories were standing still, walking, jogging, fast running, sprinting, backwards movement, sideways medium-intensity movement, and sideways high-intensity movement, and playing actions studied were jumps, shots, stops when preceded by high-intensity activities, changes of direction and one-on-one situations. During matches, the mean distances covered were 4,370 6 702.0 m. Around 80% of the total time was spent standing still (43.0 6 9.27%) and walking (35.0 6 6.94%) and only 0.460.31% with sprinting. The most frequent high-intensity actions were stops, changes of direction, and one-on-one situations. Effective mean HR was 157 6 18.0 bmin21 (82 6 9.3% of HRmax), and total HR was 139 6 31.9 bmin21 (72 6 16.7% of HRmax). The HR, time spent in high-intensity activities, frequency of stops, changes of direction, one-on-one situations, and most intense periods of the game were higher during the first half than during the second half (p # 0.05). The opposite was observed for the number of time outs and the time between each change of activity (p = 0.00). Handball is an intermittent exercise that primarily uses aerobic metabolism, interspersed by high-intensity actions that greatly tax anaerobic metabolism. Additionally, exercise intensity decreases from the first to the second half of the match, suggesting that neuromuscular fatigue may occur during the game. The training of elite handball players should comprise exercises targeting the ability to perform specific high-intensity actions throughout the game and to rapidly recover during the less intense periods.
Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female handball players
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2006
The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of neuromuscular fatigue and recovery from fatigue, following handball training and handball matches at elite level. The focus was specifically on changes in physical performance when playing three matches over the course of 3 days, which simulates a sequence in international championships. Female players from the Norwegian national handball team were tested during a 5-day training camp (seven players) and a 3-day international tournament (eight players). Testing was done before and after training sessions and matches. Neuromuscular fatigue was measured as changes in voluntary isokinetic knee extensions, jump height in countermovement jumps, and 20 m sprint time. The results showed a significant reduction by 2-6% in all three performance tests during the training camp and by 4-7% during the tournament (sprint and jump test) (Po0.05). Slow recovery was indicated by incomplete restoration of performance between matches and training sessions. The paper discusses the insufficient recovery measured related to handball performance. Because of changes in the rules of the game and strategic tendencies towards higher speed in play, the physical demands in elite handball seems to be increasing. The results of the study indicate that coaches should consider physical loading and recovery time available when distributing playing time between individual players in international tournaments.
Mental Fatigue Does Not Affect Heart Rate Recovery but Impairs Performance in Handball Players
Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
Introduction: This study involved an analysis of the impact of mental fatigue on heart rate recovery (HRR), subjective measures of fatigue and intermittent running performance in handball players. Objective: This study was aimed at (1) examining the effects of an induced state of mental fatigue on the aerobic performance of handball players, as measured by the Yo-Yo IR1 test, and (2) exploring possible changes in heart rate regulation through HRR analysis. Methods: Twelve handball players (age: 17.50 ± 3.63 years; 5 ± 2.2 years of practice) undertook a Yo-Yo IR1 test on two occasions, separated by an interval of at least 72 hours. The Yo-Yo IR1 test was preceded by a 30-min treatment, consisting of the Stroop Color-Word Test, to induce mental fatigue. Participants in the control condition watched an emotionally neutral video. Results: Higher ratings of mental fatigue and mental effort following the Stroop Test were observed for the experimental group. No differences in motivation we...