Preventive treatment of rabbit coccidiosis with α-difluoromethylornithine (original) (raw)
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Journal of Veterinary Medicine
There are no anticoccidial drugs labelled for rabbits in Kenya and those available are used as extra labels from poultry. The drugs are used in rabbits with limited knowledge of their efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of sulphachloropyrazine, amprolium hydrochloride, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole relative to diclazuril when used curatively against experimental and natural rabbit coccidiosis. In a controlled laboratory trial, sixty (60) rabbits were randomly allocated to six treatment groups, namely, 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D, 5E, and 6F, each with 10 rabbits. Groups 2B, 3C, 4D, 5E, and 6F were experimentally infected with mixed Eimeria species while group 1A served as uninfected-untreated (negative) control group. Four of the infected groups were treated with sulphachloropyrazine (5E), amprolium hydrochloride (2B), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (6F), and diclazuril (4D) using dosages recommended by manufacturers. Group 3C served as infected-untreate...
The Study of Effectiveness of Coccidiosis Prophylaxis in Young Rabbits
International Scientific Conference, 2019
Coccidiosis (eimeriosis) is an animal disease that is widespread in the world and causes significant economic damage to the agriculture. Due to the technological features of keeping rabbits in cages, they are massively susceptible to this disease. Studies show, that the infection of rabbits with coccidiosis in different areas varies from 30 to 100 %. The death of infested young rabbits reaches 80-100 %. Sick animals lag behind in growth and lose from 12 to 30 % of their weight. Adult animals are less sensitive to coccidiosis, but they are carriers and sources of the eimeric infection [2, p. 46-47; 4]. Thus, the protection from coccidiosis is an important area of veterinary medicine. In connection with the rapid adaptation of the simplest Eimeria to the drugs used, it is necessary to constantly search for new treatment regimens and to replace them reasonably [5, p. 159-162; 6]. The aim of this research is to determine the time of occurrence of resistance of the coccidiosis causative agents to the acidifier "Kronocide-L" as well as to develop recommendations on prevention the reduction of treatment effectiveness. Scientific novelty of the workthe relationship between the drugs used for the treatment of rearing females and underperformance of these drugs in the treatment of young animals was determined, as well as schemes and recommendations to prevent this phenomenon were developed.
SOJ Veterinary Sciences
Effects of commonly used anticoccidial drugs in treating lesions caused by intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis have not been described for anticoccidial-drugs used in Kenya. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of four anticoccidial drugs on gross and histopathological lesions caused by artificially-induced mixed Eimeria infection with inoculant dose of E. flavescens (20%), E. perforans (21%), E. intestinalis (9%), E. coecicola (4.2%), E. media (11.2%), E. piriformis (10.6%), E. stidae (16%), and E. Magna (8%). In a controlled laboratory trial, 60 weaner rabbits were randomly allocated to treatment groups A, B, C, D, E and F. Each group had 10 rabbits. Groups A and C served as uninfected-untreated and infecteduntreated control groups, respectively. Groups B, D, E and F were experimentally infected and treated with amprolium, diclazuril, sulfachloropyrazine, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. On day 30 post treatment, 3 rabbits from each treatment group were selected randomly and humanely euthanized for gross and microscopic lesion examination. Diclazuril and sulfachloropyrazine treatment groups had significantly minimal to no macroscopic and microscopic lesions. This was consistent with a high efficacy of the drugs in reversing intestinal and hepatic lesions of coccidiosis in rabbits. Rabbits from amprolium, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and infected-untreated control groups presented with severe intestinal and hepatic gross lesions characterized by extensive hepatomegaly, numerous raised hepatic multinodular lesions and marked congestion of the intestines that indicated mild to no effect of the drugs in reversing hepatic and intestinal lesions. Microscopic lesions in rabbits treated with amprolium and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had marked desquamation of intestinal and bile duct epithelium, distended and thickened bile duct, numerous coccidian parasites at different stages of development in duct epithelium and mature oocysts in the intestinal and bile duct lumens; as was in positive control group. Additionally, rabbits from the three treatment groups recorded higher intestinal and hepatic histological lesion scores.
Comparative efficacy of sulphadimidine sodium, toltrazuril and amprolium for Coccidiosis in Rabbits
Coccidiosis is a parasitic protozoan that is caused by Eimeria species and it can cause weight loss or failure to gain weight, diarrhoea, which can be watery and bloody, dehydration and death, thus leading major economic losses. The coccidiosis is of two types i.e. hpatic coccidiosis and intestinal coccidiosis. The aim of the current study was to check the prevelance of the coccidiosis of rabbits and compared the different drugs in the control and trearment of coccidiosis of rabbits. The fecal sample was examined by different techniques i.e. direct smear and simple test tube flotation. The oocyst of Eimeria species were found abundantly in fecal sample of rabbits. Quantitative analysis was also done by using McMaster technique that gives egg per grem (EPG) to determine the severity of infection. The drugs that were used are sulphadimidine sodium, toltrazuril and amprolium. The efficacy of these drugs is 71%, 66.6% and 60% respectively. So the sulphadimidine sodium and toltrazuril can be used as anticoccidial. KEY WORDS: Coccidiosis, sulphadimidine sodium, toltrazuril and amprolium
Activity of diclazuril against coccidiosis in growing rabbits: experimental and field experiences
World Rabbit Science, 2012
The efficacy of diclazuril in growing rabbits was investigated under experimental and field conditions. In a first experimental trial, the susceptibility of recent isolated French Eimeria field strains to in-feed use of diclazuril, salinomycin and robenidine was studied in fattening rabbits. Rabbits were challenged at the age of 31 d with a mixed inoculum of Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans. Production data and oocyst excretion were compared with an infected-untreated control group and an uninfected-untreated control group. Infection resulted in significantly lower production data and higher oocyst excretion in the infected-untreated control group. Salinomycin and diclazuril treated rabbits were able to control the infection, demonstrated also by comparable weight gain and final weight to those of the uninfected-untreated control rabbits and significantly higher than those of the infected-untreated control rabbits. Based on the production data and oocyst excretion, robenidine was not able to control the infection adequately. Economic performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion) and oocyst excretion were significantly worse than in the uninfecteduntreated controls. In a second trial, a 1 yr longitudinal study was carried out in Italy to evaluate the excretion of coccidia in growing rabbits from 8 meat farms applying a 2-phase anticoccidial programme (diclazuril and robenidine). Parasitological parameters (oocyst counts and species identification) were measured monthly. Seven of the 11 known coccidial rabbit species were identified. Variable levels of oocysts per gram were detected in the farms, but on all farms lower oocyst per gram and a reduced number of Eimeria spp. in rabbit faeces were recorded in the 8-mo treatment period with diclazuril.
Development of Preventing Means for Rabbits’ Coccidiosis
EUREKA: Health Sciences, 2019
The great problem of rabbits breeding today is coccidiosis. An agent of the disease spreads not only through ill animals and is preserved well in the external environment. Oocysts of coccidia live in cells for a long time, so even temporal vacation of an accommodation between placing of rabbits doesn’t prevent infection. It was experimentally proved, that there is a very limited spectrum of means that are coccidiostatics. For preventing and controlling rabbits’ eimeriosis, coccidiostatic means were tested. It is very difficult to annihilate coccidia in vivo and in vitro because of peculiarities of their construction. The aim of the first experiment was to determine the influence of an acidifier Cronocyde L and its components on oocysts of coccidia that allows to determine an optimal composition and concentration of the preparation. At conducting the research, there was used the flotation method of Fulleborn and McMaster one for calculating oocysts. The aim of the second experiment w...
World Vet. J., 2020
Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease caused by members of the genus Eimeria that affect domestic animal species. The current study was aimed at evaluating the effect of oxytetracycline administration on experimental caprine coccidiosis. Sixteen red Sokoto goat kids divided into four groups (A to D) of four goat kids each, were used for the study. Groups A, B and C were infected by oral inoculation with two ml containing 1.5 ×103 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria arlongi per animal, while group D was the neutral control group. Group A was treated with 10 % oxytetracycline intramuscularly daily for five days. Group B was treated with Sulfadimidine 33.3% subcutaneously daily for five days and group C served as an infected untreated group. Fecal oocysts per gram count was conducted during the experiment. The present result showed a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in fecal oocysts load in the treated groups. Neither schizonts nor merozoites were detected in the intestinal smear of kid treated with oxytetracycline but were detected in the intestinal smear of infected untreated goat kid. Cystic degenerative changes were seen in the intestinal glandular cells of the infected untreated goat kid. Conclusively, the current finding suggests that oxytetracycline can effectively be used in treating caprine coccidiosis.
Control strategies using diclazuril against coccidiosis in goat kids
Parasitology Research, 2011
Coccidiosis is probably the main parasitic disease affecting goat kids around the weaning period, leading to high economic losses in goat production due to deaths and delayed growth rates of infected animals. A total of 101 kids of 2-4 weeks of age, naturally infected with Eimeria spp., were divided into five groups and studies were conducted to analyse the effects of metaphylactic administration of diclazuril (Vecoxan®) on parasitological and productive parameters. Two different doses of diclazuril (1 and 2 mg/kg BW, p.o.) were given either at 3 weeks (single treatment) or at 3 and 5 weeks of life (double treatment). The faecal oocyst shedding and the body weights of the animals were monitored at 2-weeks intervals for 6 consecutive weeks. Treatments of goat kids with diclazuril were effective against the three most predominant Eimeria species recorded in this study (E. arloingi, E. ninakohlyakimovae and E. christenseni) and also against other minor species found in faecal examinations, including E. alijevi, E. caprina, E. jolchijevi, E. caprovina, E. hirci and E. aspheronica). In consequence, OPG values lower than 1×10 3 were detected in 90 to 100% of the animals up to 15-20 days post-treatment depending on the treatment regimen. Even a single dose of 1 mg/kg BW p.o. resulted in an increase of growth rates in treated animals and therefore should be considered as a control strategy in farms precluding coccidian infections, whilst double and multiple dose treatments could be the recommendation for environments heavily contaminated with Eimeria oocysts. In relation to the OPG reduction and increased growth rates, the severity of the clinical signs (i.e., diarrhoea) was ameliorated in treated animals during the course of infection compared to that of non-treated or control kids. The precise timing of treatment appears crucial in order to prevent severe clinical coccidiosis and thereby enabling the adequate development of protective immune response against Eimeria challenge infections.
Experimental Parasitology, 2008
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, haematological, biochemical, lipid peroxidation, ultrasonographic and pathologic findings in hepatic coccidiosis induced by Eimeria stiedae in rabbits, and also to compare the treatment effects of both toltrazuril and ivermectin separately and in combination. In this study, 56 rabbits were divided into eight groups. The first group was designated as healthy control group. Rabbits were infected with 40.000 sporulated oocysts of E. stiedae. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were allocated as the infected control group, infected + toltrazuril-treated group, infected + ivermectin-treated group, infected + toltrazuril + ivermectin-treated group, non-infected + toltrazuril-treated group, non-infected + ivermectin-treated group, non-infected + toltrazuril + ivermectin-treated group, respectively. Haematocrit, Haemoglobin and MCV values as well as percentage of lymphocyte decreased in Groups 2 and 4 whereas leucocyte counts and percentage of granulocyte leucocyte increased. Serum GGT, ALT and AST activities increased but albumin value decreased. Plasma MDA concentrations increased whereas erythrocyte CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD activities decreased. Mean oocyst numbers in per gram faeces (epg values) increased in both groups during the study. Ultrasonographic examination revealed that the liver was enlarged and had hyperechogenic parenchyma. Bile ducts were dilated and hyperechogenic and the gall bladder was dilated. The livers of these animals were enlarged and typical macroscopic and microscopic findings of coccidiosis were present. Treatment with toltrazuril and toltrazuril + ivermectin combination were highly effective in reducing faecal oocyst output in infected rabbits. Haematological, biochemical and lipid peroxidation parameters and, ultrasonographic findings of the liver were close to control values for Groups 3 and 5. Necropsy of these animals showed no visible lesions related to hepatic coccidiosis although a few oocysts were detected in the bile duct epithelial cells.
Objectives: Rabbit coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria sp. inhabiting the liver and intestine. The present study investigated the coccidiosis in rabbits in terms of age, humidity, sex variations and temperature and chemotherapy was used in the form of allopathic and herbal drugs. Methods: A total of 112 rabbits possibly infected during coccidiosis outbreak were obtained from different locations of Lahore, Pakistan. The faecal examination was performed using direct smear, floatation to observe the oocyst of Eimeria spp. Results: It was observed that females were slightly more susceptible (47.2 %) than males (44.7 %); also the incidence of coccidiosis was more prevalent in baby kits from 1-3 months (25.3 %) as compared to adults (15.2 %). Month-wise analysis depicted that, the infection was more prevalent in the month of March, and July (58.3 %, 60.7 %, and 73.9 % respectively due to high humidity. Coccidiosis also changes in blood parameters with increased level of WBCs (20.8 %), neutrophils (17.5 %), monocytes (29.1 %) and basophils (11.3 %) while decreases RBCs (44.9 %), lymphocytes (18.3 %) and haemoglobin level (35.4 %). Chemical drugs minimize OPG (Oocyst per Gram) dramatically such as Sulphadimidine sodium and toltrazuril efficiently decreases the OPG to 48 % and 74.4 %, respectively. Herbal drugs in the form of Nigella sativa L. seeds (kalonji) minimized the OPG gradually 57 % and 53.4 % oocysts respectively in 14 days. Garlic extract reduces 57.8 % oocytes in faeces. Conclusions: The chemotherapy suggested that toltrazuril is more efficient for quick action compared to Sulphadimidine Sodium. In addition, we found that garlic and black seeds were more effective in reducing the OPG level.