Neutrinos and the source of energy for earth's evolution (original) (raw)

More than the sum of its parts: Self-organized patterns and emergent properties of ecosystems

Biodiversity Science, 2020

Over the past 30 years, the self-organization theory has effectively explained the regular spatial patterning of ecosystems and has led to a proliferation of studies investigating spatial patterns in ecology and biology. Indeed, the emergent properties generated by this self-organization process are now recognized as critical to ecosystem functioning. Here, we review this important theoretical framework by assessing the definition and development of the concept of self-organization and by evaluating two fundamental theoretical principles of self-organization theory, the Turing principle and the phase separation principle. We further describe the mathematical models of each principle in the context of different, unique ecosystems, and explain the emergent properties of the Turing principle on ecosystem functioning and the phase separation principle on cell functions, respectively. Finally, we propose three promising future developments for ecological self-organization theory: multi-scale self-organization patterns, transient patterns, and individual behavioral self-organization. Our review provides an assessment of this fundamental ecological theory and offers exciting new research directions and applications.

环丙沙星对土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物 群落碳代谢多样性的影响

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013

To evaluate the effects of ciprofloxacin (CIP) residues on the microbiological characteristics of soil, the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and carbon鄄source metabolic functions of the soil microbial communities exposed to CIP were studied by the method of chloroform fumigation extraction and Biolog technology. The results showed that the content of MBC of groups treated with CIP (w CIP 逸 0. 1滋g / g) were significantly distinguished from that of CK, and they were decreased with the increasing concentration of CIP in soil, the content of MBC in soil exposed to 100滋g / g CIP decreased 58. 69%. Moreover, the carbon鄄source metabolic functions of the soil microbial communities exposed to CIP significantly decreased, too. Under the application of CIP, the microbial utilization rate of carbon sources, including carbohydrates,

Effects of Dwarf Gene Rht_NM9 on Contents of Endogenous Hormone Regulating Plant Height of Common Wheat

Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2017

A dwarf wheat mutant (NM9) with additional tillers and elongated spikes was obtained by treating NAU9918 seeds with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). The decreased plant height in NM9 was controlled by a novel dwarf gene Rht_NM9. The endogenous plant hormones play important roles in regulating plant height of common wheat. To understand the dwarfing mechanism of Rht_NM9 and the relationship between endogenous hormone contents and plant height, measured contents of endogenous gibberellic acid (GA), auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) in internodes of NM9 and NAU9918 at different stages by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Our study indicated that contents of GA and ABA in NM9 were significantly higher than there in NAU9918, and ZR content in NM9 was significantly lower than that in NAU9918 at both booting and heading stages. Nevertheless, no difference of IAA content was observed between the mutant and the wild-type. In addition, the GA/ABA ratio in internodes of the mutant was significantly higher than that of the wild-type, however, the ratios of IAA/ABA, (IAA + GA)/ABA and ZR/ABA were significantly lower than there of the wild-type. All these results indicated that plant height in wheat was regulated by multiple hormones. Plant height would be inhibited with increasing content of endogenous ABA and decreasing ratios of IAA/ABA and ZR/ABA in wheat.

Hiatus, Expansion, and Collapse: The Kokuten’s Middle and Final Stages

Painting Circles: Tsuchida Bakusen and Nihonga Collectives in Early Twentieth Century Japan

The application of phylogenetic relationships helps us to understand species composition and species distribution patterns, which provide a scientific basis for the effective protection and sustainable use of biological diversity. Phylogenetic diversity (PD faith), based on branch lengths of the phylogenetic tree, is the most basic measurement index. Many indices are derived from PD faith , which makes difficult to choose the most appropriate parameters. The most effective and feasible way is to select suitable indices based on specific research questions, and some examples have been presented in plant phylofloristics and biodiversity conservation. DNA sequences have rapidly accumulated particularly through the global DNA barcoding project, which provides a standardized mass data, and can be used to reconstruct mega-phylogeny. But studies conducted around the phylogenetic diversity require more information, specifically data on species distribution, environmental factors, and climatic data. In addition, some fundamental questions need to be verified, such as the relationship between phylogenetic diversity and ecosystem functions.