Effects of children’s toothpastes on enamel lesion progression : pH-cycling study (original) (raw)
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Timing of fluoride toothpaste use and enamel-dentin demineralization
Brazilian Oral Research, 2011
It is well established that fluoride (F) prevents caries development by inhibiting demineralization and enhancing remineralization processes. However, it is not known which of these protective mechanisms is more important. In this double-blind, crossover in situ study conducted in three phases of 14 days each, 12 volunteers wore palatal appliances containing enamel and root dentin slabs, on which biofilm was allowed to accumulate under exposure to 20% sucrose solution 8×/day. F toothpaste was used once a day, either before the daily demineralizing episodes (in the morning) or after them (at night). Non-F placebo toothpaste was used in the control group. F toothpaste significantly reduced enamel and dentin demineralization compared with the control (p < 0.05). F toothpaste was more effective when used after the demineralization episodes than before, and this difference was statistically significant for dentin (p < 0.05). The results suggest that brushing with F dentifrice at night to remineralize daily mineral losses may be preferable to brushing in the morning to inhibit the demineralizing episodes of the day.
The effect of fluoride toothpaste on root dentine demineralization progression: a pilot study
Brazilian Oral Research, 2014
The anticaries effect of fluoride (F) toothpaste containing 1100 µg F/g in reducing enamel demineralization is well established, but its effect on dentine has not been extensively studied. Furthermore, it has been shown that toothpaste containing a high F concentration is necessary to remineralize root dentine lesions, suggesting that a 1100 µg F/g concentration might not be high enough to reduce root dentine demineralization, particularly when dentine is subjected to a high cariogenic challenge. Thus, the aim of this pilot study was to evaluate in situ the effect of F toothpaste, at a concentration of 1100 µg F/g, on dentine demineralization. In a crossover and double-blind study, conducted in two phases of 14 days, six volunteers wore a palatal appliance containing four slabs of bovine root dentine whose surface hardness (SH) was previously determined and to which a 10% sucrose solution was applied extra-orally 8×/day. Volunteers used a non-F toothpaste (negative control) or F toothpaste (1100 µg F/g, NaF/SiO 2 ) three times a day. On the 10 th and 14 th days of each phase, two slabs were collected and SH was determined again. Dentine demineralization was assessed as percentage of SH loss (%SHL). The effect of toothpaste was significant, showing lower %SHL for the F toothpaste group (42.0 ± 9.7) compared to the non-F group (62.0 ± 6.4; p < 0.0001), but the effect of time was not significant (p > 0.05). This pilot study suggests that F toothpaste at 1100 µg F/g is able to decrease dentine caries even under a high cariogenic challenge of biofilm accumulation and sugar exposure.
Effects of Different Fluoride-containing Toothpastes on In Vitro Enamel Remineralization
Bezmialem Science, 2019
Fluoride toothpaste is one of the most effective cariostatic product when used as a daily fluoride application. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of a new fluoride-containing toothpaste on enamel surface microhardness (SMH) under a pH-cycling regimen. Methods: Thirty-five sound human enamel samples were randomly divided into five groups (A-E) each containing seven samples as A (fluoridefree control group), B (1000 ppm NaF), C [KNO 3 (5%), 1450 ppm NaF], D (1450 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate), and E (1450 ppm NaF). After inducing caries-like lesions, each group was maintained daily for de-and remineralization cycle for seven days. During this cycle, samples were treated by the selected toothpaste for each group. Enamel mineral loss was assessed by SMH and lesion depth was analyzed by polarized light microscopy (PLM). Surface enamel microhardness was determined on the enamel blocks. SMH recovery (%SMHR) among treatments was analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. Results: The highest values of %SMHR were observed for the 1450 ppm NaF (group C). NaF toothpastes significantly increased the microhardness of the lesions (p<0.001) when compared to control groups. PLM data revealed a mineral precipitation band on the surface layer of all samples but no difference was found between groups in terms of enamel remineralization layers (p>0.05). The results suggest that all toothpastes with similar sources/concentrations of fluoride, provide different levels of remineralization. Conclusion: It can be concluded that new NaF compounds in toothpaste result in a clearly marked remineralization of caries-like enamel lesions.
Journal of Applied Oral Science, 2023
In vitro effect of low-fluoride toothpaste supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate, xylitol, and erythritol on enamel demineralization Regular use of toothpaste with fluoride (F) concentrations of ≥ 1000 ppm has been shown to contribute to reducing caries increment. However, when used by children during the period of dental development, it can lead to dental fluorosis. Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a toothpaste formulation with reduced fluoride (F) concentration (200 ppm) supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP: 0.2%), Xylitol (X:16%), and Erythritol (E: 4%) on dental enamel demineralization. Methodology: Bovine enamel blocks were selected according to initial surface hardness (SHi) and then divided into seven experimental toothpaste groups (n=12). These groups included 1) no F-TMP-X-E (Placebo); 2) 16% Xylitol and 4% Erythritol (X-E); 3) 16% Xylitol, 4% Erythritol and 0.2%TMP (X-E-TMP); 4) 200 ppm F (no X-E-TMP: (200F)); 5) 200 ppm F and 0.2% TMP (200F-TMP); 6) 200 ppm F, 16% Xylitol, 4% Erythritol, and 0.2% TMP (200F-X-E-TMP); and 7) 1,100 ppm F (1100F). Blocks were individually treated 2×/day with slurries of toothpastes and subjected to a pH cycling regimen for five days (DES: 6 hours and RE: 18 hours). Then, the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SH), integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN), fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) in enamel were determined. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (1-criterion) and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.001). Results: We found that the 200F-X-E-TMP treatment reduced %SH by 43% compared to the 1100F treatments (p<0.001). The ΔKHN was ~ 65% higher with 200F-X-E-TMP compared to 1100F (p<0.001). The highest concentration of F in enamel was observed on the 1100F treatment (p<0.001). The 200F-X-E-TMP treatment promote higher increase of Ca and P concentration in the enamel (p<0.001). Conclusion: The association of 200F-X-E-TMP led to a significant increase of the protective effect on enamel demineralization compared to the 1100F toothpaste.
Journal of Dental Research, 2001
There is little information in the literature on the relationship among the frequency of carbohydrate consumption, the use of fluoride toothpaste, and enamel demineralization. The aim of this investigation was to compare the extent of demineralization of enamel slabs in situ, with a sugar-based solution, consumed in constant amounts but with various frequencies in subjects both with and without the use of fluoride (F) toothpaste. Eight subjects wore removable mandibular appliances carrying an enamel slab cut from white-spot lesions. The subjects were required to drink 500 mL of a 120-gm/L sugar solution either once, 3, 5, 7, or 10 times/day for 30 sec on each occasion, for a period of 5 days while brushing their teeth twice daily with either a F (1450 ppm NaF) or a F-free toothpaste. Mineral analysis revealed that when the subjects used a F toothpaste, net demineralization was evident only with the seven-and 10-times/day regime (ns). When F-free toothpaste was used, statistically significant demineralization was observed when the frequency exceeded 3 times/day. This study demonstrates the importance of F-containing toothpaste in enamel re-/demineralization by varying the frequency of carbohydrate challenge in situ.
he aim of this study was to compare the effect of topical fluoride products [acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) or neutral gel (NF) x fluoride toothpaste (MFP)], in respect to fluoride uptake and anticariogenic action. One hundred and twenty five blocks of human teeth, sorted in 5 groups according to the treatment, were submitted to pH cycling for ten days. The parameters analyzed were: fluoride uptake before and after pH cycling and surface (SMH) and cross-sectional (CSMH) microhardness of the enamel blocks. The results of fluoride concentration in enamel after the pH cycling showed an enhancement of fluoride uptake for all groups compared to sound control. No significant differences between APF and MFP were observed for surface microhardness, percentage change of surface microhardness and mineral loss. The volume percent mineral obtained from cross-sectional microhardness demonstrated that APF has a different lesion progression rate regarding subsurface carious lesion. The results suggest that professionally applied fluoride gel or frequent fluoride application in low concentration is a positive preventive measure for the control of dental caries.
Brazilian Dental Journal, 2016
Fluoride present in toothpaste at 1,100 µg/g is considered effective on caries control. However, under high cariogenic challenge due to increasing sugar exposure, higher fluoride concentration (5,000 µg/g) could be necessary to compensate the unbalance on caries process. This was tested in a pH-cycling regimen, which evaluated the effect of fluoride concentration relative to toothpaste on reduction of enamel demineralization under conditions of two levels of cariogenic challenge. Enamel slabs (n=20) were subjected to two pH-cycling regimens, simulating 8x and 16x/day sugar exposure and were treated with solutions containing: 0 (no fluoride), 275 or 1,250 µg F/mL, resulting in 6 treatment groups: 4-h/0-F; 8-h/0-F; 4-h/275-F; 8-h/275-F; 4-h/1,250-F and 8-h/1,250-F. The 275 and 1,250 µg F/mL concentrations simulate mouth salivary dilution when 1,100 and 5,000 µg/g toothpastes are used. Enamel demineralization was assessed by surface (%SHL) and cross-sectional hardness. Fluoride taken u...