The Role of Typhoon Songda (2004) in Producing Distantly Located Heavy Rainfall in Japan* (original) (raw)
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Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 2020
In August 2016, northern Japan was stuck by apparently unusual occurrence of the landfall of four typhoons and experienced record-breaking heavy precipitations. This study analyzed the extreme precipitations carried out by these four typhoons to understand their internal structure over northern Japan by computing the probability distributions of precipitation durations with their peak intensities exceeding a range of percentile thresholds starting from 70 to 99%. The main focus was on the duration and size of the extreme precipitations together with the precipitation structure over northern Japan during the passage of each of these four typhoons through different latitudinal locations. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the long-lasting and widespread extreme precipitations carried by individual typhoon and such information are crucial for prevention of and protection from typhoon-related hazards over Japan. We find that the typhoons landfalled over Hokkaido region...
Simulation of Tropical Cyclone 201610 (Lionrock) and Its Remote Effect on Heavy Rainfall in Hokkaido
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), 2017
When tropical cyclone (TC) 201610, namely Lionrock, was moving over the western North Pacific from southeast of Honshu to cut across the Tohoku region during 29-30 August 2016, continuous and intense rainfall occurred in mid-to southeastern Hokkaido, far from the TC center. The Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model is used to investigate the possible remote effect of TC Lionrock on this heavy rain in Hokkaido. The National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global final (FNL) analysis is used to provide both the initial and lateral boundary conditions for the model. Three numerical experiments are performed. In the control experiment (CTL), the original FNL is used. In the no-TC experiment (NoTC), the vortex associated with TC Lionrock in the FNL is removed such that the TC signal does not appear at the initial time. In the no-topography experiment (noTopo), the terrain height over Hokkaido set to 1 m if it is higher than 1 m. As verified against observations, the CTL and noTopo experiments capture reasonably well the TC track. The CTL experiment also reproduces relatively well the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of rainfall, whereas the remote rainfall in Hokkaido is largely suppressed in the noTC experiment, suggesting a significant far-reaching effect of TC Lionrock. The combined effect of Lionrock and the stationary low-pressure system located over the Sea of Japan enhances the moisture transport towards Hokkaido through their outer circulation. Particularly, only very small amount of rainfall is observed in Hokkaido in the noTopo experiment, indicating that the orographic forcing of the southeastern mountains in Hokkaido plays the most critical role in this extreme rainfall event.
The climatological significance of extratropical transitioning on typhoon precipitation over japan
2010
Extratropical transitioning (XTT) is a frequent occurrence for typhoons in the Northwest Pacific Basin (Fig. 1). XTT has a strong dependence on latitude that is correlated to the poleward increase in baroclinicity combined with the increased likelihood of interacting with upperlevel troughs or shortwaves in the Westerlies as well as decreased sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Seasonality is also important and is correlated to the poleward (equatorward) movement of the baroclinic zone during the peak (beginning/end) of the tropical cyclone season as well as to SSTs.
Atmosphere
During 19–20 October 2004, a series of spectacular arc-shaped rainbands developed south or southeast of southwestern Japan when Typhoon Tokage (TY0423) approached the region from the southwest. As the typhoon moved closer and the upstream Froude number (Fr) continued to increase, these rainbands first remained quasi-stationary but eventually retreated backward. Using the Nagoya University Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) at 1-km grid size, these rainbands were successfully simulated, and their behavior during the transition period from a relatively low-Fr to a high-Fr regime was investigated and compared with idealized two-dimensional (2D) model results from theoretical studies. In the present case, the rainbands were found to develop along a low-level frontal convergence zone between the southerly flow associated with the typhoon and the northerly flow from the Sea of Japan. The northeasterly winds accelerated through gaps between topography and fed the offshore flow at the ...
The effects of orography on cloud and rainfall patterns during typhoon Ketsana (2009)
Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications III, 2012
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of orography on the rainfall, wind, and cloud systems of the TCs in Malaysia and Indochina. To determine the relationship of the typhoon with the orographic effect, remote sensing techniques such as the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite, rainfall data from the Fengyun 2D (FY-2D), and radiosonde data were applied in this study. From this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) rainfall tends to be distributed over high mountain regions; 2) wind flow will change its direction upon encountering any restrictions, especially those of high terrain regions; and 3) cloud patterns are deformed by high mountains and tend to flow with the mountains' structure because of the orographic effects. The regions most affected by Typhoon Ketsana in the study area were Vietnam in Indochina, Sabah in East Malaysia (EM), Kelantan and Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia (PM). From the comparison among the study areas, it was found that Indochina had the most significant results for the orographic effects on typhoon activity, followed by the tail effects in EM. This phenomenon was found in PM, although it was not as significant as the other study areas. This remote sensing technique allows tropical cyclones to be forecasted and their impacts to be defined, and it allows disaster zones to be determined.
Orographical Effects of Heavy Rainfall by Typhoon 0514 (NABI)
Natural Hazards Review, 2008
Numerical experiments using a mesoscale meteorological model (MM5) are performed to evaluate the mountainous orographical effects on the heavy rainfalls brought by Typhoon 0514 (NABI), which caused the flood disaster in the southeast Kyushu area of Japan. The terrain conditions considered in the numerical model are three folds: first, a flat terrain with the altitude 1m above mean sea level; second, an idealized line-shaped mountain terrain; third, a complex terrain using GTOPO30. Although an accumulated rainfall due to Typhoon 0514 is recorded higher than 1,000 mm, a calculated one using the flat terrain is 250-300 mm. The calculated rainfall using the complex terrain becomes 200-300% (500-900 mm) in comparison to flat terrain case. This discrepancy is found to cause by blocking and evolving the convective cells, which are generated by lifting up the water vapor along the mountain slope in the windward areas. A ratio of the forecasted rainfall with/without orography provided an important index for the risk of the heavy rain in the tropical cyclone.
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II
This study evaluates possible changes in tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation over Japan under a future warmer climate using an ensemble projection generated by a non-hydrostatic regional climate model with a resolution of 5 km (NHRCM05) under the RCP8.5 scenario. NHRCM05 reproduces TC precipitation and TC intensity more accurately than does a general circulation model with a resolution of 20 km. The number of TCs approaching Japan is projected to decrease under the future climate, while the TC precipitation rate increases. As these two effects cancel each other out, total TC precipitation, and the frequency of the moderate TC precipitation that is usual under the present climate, show no significant change. On the other hand, the frequency of extreme TC precipitation increases significantly because the intensification in the TC precipitation rate outweighs the reduction in TC frequency. The increase in the TC precipitation rate is caused primarily by the increase in water vapor around the TCs, which in turn results from the change in environmental water vapor. The intensification and structural changes to TCs also contribute to the enhanced TC precipitation.
Ocean-Atmosphere Analysis of Super Typhoon Songda 2011 over Western North Pacific Ocean
The purpose of the research is to understand the influences of ocean and atmosphere to the formation of Super Typhoon Songda 2011. Daily SST from NOAA AVHRR with spatial resolution of 0.5° in latitude and longitude was used to study upper oceanic response to the formation of Typhoon Songda. Meanwhile, 3-hourly meteorological data from ARP model with spatial coverage of 0.5° Latitude x 0.5° Longitude cover 201 x 101 points from 25° N-20° S and 70.0° E-170.0° E as well as 13 levels of atmospheric columns was also used in the study. The study was also supported by MT-SAT satellite images. The result showed that from early disturbances until reaching mature stage of Typhoon Songda, SST over WNP reached averages temperature of 30˚C. Warm ocean waters continuously produce heat and moisture to the air that are necessary to fuel the genesis, development, formation and intensification of Typhoon Songda. The study also proved that light vertical wind shear (850-200 hPa) at about 0-5 knot was observed in the early development of Songda at 1800 UTC on May 19 th. For the time being, weak vertical wind shear extended to the northwestern of Pacific Ocean. Thus, it made the system to moved toward northwest and reached category Super Typhoon few days later on May 26 th. The study also showed the present of Monsoon trough. Monsoon trough occurred where easterly wind met the reversal southerly wind. The region was stretched from southeast to northwest part of WNP Ocean and designated by an extended low pressure area at the surface as well as extended bands of thunderstorms as observed by satellite imagery. On the other hand, potential vorticity shown in the present paper is useful to obtain an understanding of atmospheric motions and development of the upper-level disturbance. Potential vorticity maximum characterize strong vorticity and upward motion. Conversely, weak vorticity with downward motion is demonstrated by mininum potential vorticity.