702: Muscarinic Receptor Expression Increases Following Exposure to Intravesical Pressures of ≤40 CM-H2O (original) (raw)
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Study of prostate growth in prune belly syndrome and anencephalic fetuses
Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 2019
Background: To compare the growth of the prostate in anencephalic, prune belly syndrome (PBS) and control fetuses. Methods: We studied 35 prostates from normal human fetuses aged 11-22 weeks postconception (WPC); 15 from anencephalic fetuses aged 13-19 WPC; and 6 from PBS fetuses aged 13-31WPC. After prostate dissection, we evaluated the prostate length, width and thickness with the aid of a computer program (Image Pro and Image J). The fetal prostate volume (PV) was calculated using the ellipsoid formula: PV = [length × thickness × width] × 0.523. The prostates were dissected and the PV was measured with the aid of the same computer program. Means were statistically compared using the unpaired t-test and linear regression was performed. Results: In 2 PBS fetuses we observed prostatic atresia. We did not observe significant differences in PV when comparing the control group (PV: 6.1 to 313.81 mm, mean = 70.85 mm: SD = 71.43 mm) with anencephalic fetuses: p = 0.3575 (PV: 5.1 to 159.11 mm, mean = 42.94 mm; SD = 40.11 mm) and PBS fetuses: p N 0.999 (PV: 10.89 to 148.71 mm, mean = 55.4 mm; SD = 63.64 mm). The linear regression analysis indicated that the PV in the control group (r 2 = 0.3096; p = 0.0004), anencephalic group (r 2 = 0.3778; p = 0.0148) and PBS group (r 2 = 0.9821; p b 0.009) increased significantly and positively with fetal age (p b 0.0001). Conclusions: We did not observe significant differences in development of the prostate in fetuses with anencephaly and in 2/3 of fetuses with PBS during the fetal period studied. In 1/3 of the PBS fetuses, the prostate had important atresia. Level of evidence: Level III.
Biology of Reproduction, 1986
In a morphometric study on the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles in the rat, we investigated the changes in fibromuscular stroma, grandular epithelium, and glandular lumen. Animals were studied at 15, 30 and 45 days of age. The rapid prepubertal growth started earlier in the ventral prostate than in seminal vesicles. In addition, the effects of neonatal administration of estrogens on the different tissue compartments were studied, comparing rats that had been castrated and/or treated with estrogen at birth to intact animals at 15 days of age. Estrogens caused a decrease in the volume of the glandular epithelium and increased the volume of the fibromuscular stroma in both ventral prostate and seminal vesicles. Castration partially abolished the estrogen-induced growth of the stroma, which suggests that the growth is dependent on testicular factors. The difference in proportion of the fibromuscular stroma between the two glands is evidence that the size of the whole seminal vesides has increased whereas the size of the ventral prostate has decreased.
Postnatal growth of the ventral prostate in Wistar rats: A stereological and morphometrical study
The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 2006
Morphological and stereological analyses were used to characterize the growth kinetics of the Wistar rat ventral prostate (VP). Volume density and absolute volume of the epithelium, lumen, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and nonmuscular stroma were determined by stereology and paired with plasma testosterone levels and different morphometric measurements. The VP shows an initial growth within the first 3 weeks, a resting phase, and the puberal growth. The puberal growth was coincident with the raise in plasma testosterone. Lumen formation occurred within the 3 postnatal weeks. After an expected increase during puberty, the lumen showed a further increase at the 12th week. The volume density of the nonmuscular stroma and of the SMCs decreased slowly postnatally. Absolute volume of the luminal compartment showed three phases of growth (weeks 1-3, 6 -9, and 11-12). On the other hand, the increase in the absolute volume of the epithelium was steady up to the 8th week and then showed a marked increase up the 10th week. The increase in epithelial volume was characterized morphologically by the presence of epithelial infoldings and sprouts. The growth of the epithelium showed a 2-week delay as compared to the lumen and occurred only until the 10th week. The epithelial height was variable but could be related to the synthetic activity of the epithelium. In conclusion, the postnatal growth of the VP results from a combination of epithelial proliferation/differentiation and synthesis/accumulation of the secretory products in the lumen. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:885-892, 2006.
Disposition of the striated urethral sphincter and its relation to the prostate in human fetuses
International braz j urol, 2007
Objective: To describe the arrangement of the muscle fibers of the striated urethral sphincter and its relationship with the prostate during the fetal period in humans. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 17 prostates from well preserved fresh human fetuses ranging in age from 10 to 31 weeks postconception (WPC). Transversal sections were obtained and stained with Gomori's trichrome and immunolabeled with anti alpha-actin antibody. Results: We found that the urethral striated sphincter (rabdosphincter) is located on the periphery of the smooth muscle and there was no merge between striated and smooth muscle fibers in any fetal period. In the prostate apex, the striated sphincter shows a circular arrangement and covers completely the urethra externally, whereas adjacent to verumontanum, it looks like a "horseshoe" and covers only the anterior and lateral surfaces of the urethra. Near the bladder neck, in fetuses younger than 20 WPC, we have found striated muscle fibers only at the anterior surface of the prostate, while in fetuses older than 20 WPC, the striated muscle covers the anterior and lateral surfaces of the prostate. Conclusions: The urethral sphincter muscle covers the anterior and lateral surfaces of the urethra in all fetuses older than 20 WPC, close to the bladder neck and at the distal prostate. In the region of the prostate apex, the urethral sphincter covers completely the urethra circularly. The knowledge of the normal anatomy of the urethral sphincter in fetuses could be important to understand its alterations in congenital anomalies involving the base of the bladder, the bladder neck and the proximal urethra.
Regional differences in the prostate of the neonatally estrogenized mouse
The Prostate, 1991
Neonatal estrogenization of the mouse with diethylstilbestrol resulted in time-of-exposure and dose-dependent inhibition of the growth of the prostatic lobes observed at the age of 2 mon. The critical time was the days 1-6 of postnatal life. In neonatally estrogenized (neoDES) mice, responses to Su-dihydrotestosterone in terms of nuclear 3H-thymidine labelling were altered concomitantly with the inhibition of growth and were in accordance with changes in the relative volumes of epithelium, glandular lumina, and interacinar stroma. Secondary estrogen treatment of neoDES mice with 17P-estradiol did not increase 3H-thymidine labelling in the prostate of control or neoDES mice. However, it induced squamous epithelial metaplasia in periurethral collecting ducts and proximal parts of coagulating glands of neoDES animals. In control mice only slight epithelial hyperplasia could be observed after similar treatment. Estrogen receptors, located immunocytochemically in nuclei of stromal cell, corresponded with the sites of increased estrogen sensitivity, observed as metaplastic transformation. When the neoDES animals aged, epithelial hyperplasia and dysplasia could be observed at distinct prostatic sites, ie, the periurethral collecting ducts and the coagulating glands and periurethral glands, and stromal inflammation become more extensive. Almost identical location of the epithelial changes and the altered estrogen response is suggestive of causal relationship.
Human Andrology, 2013
Background Normal sexual development and functioning of the male reproductive organs are primarily controlled by androgens. However, estrogen also plays a role in the normal development, although this is not well defined. Aim The aim of this study was to assess the effect of neonatal administration of estrogen (E), antiestrogen (AE), and testosterone (T) on the histological picture and estrogen receptor (ER) pattern of the adult rat prostate. Materials and methods In all, 40 male albino rats at the age of 2 days were divided into four equal groups: untreated controls, rats that received E, those that received AE, and those that received T orally for 5 days starting from the second day. All rats were euthanized at the age of 6 weeks, after which specimens from the ventral lobe of the prostate were obtained. Main outcome measures Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the investigated sections. Results In the E-treated rats, the diameter of the prostatic acini was reduced with increased fibromuscular stroma and epithelial hyperplasia. AE-treated or T-treated rats showed no histological changes compared with controls. The prostate of E-treated rats exhibited strong immunoreactivity against the ER compared with that of AE-treated or T-treated rats. The mean area percentage of ER immunoreactivity showed significant increase in E-treated rats compared with the controls, AE-treated rats, and T-treated rats. Conclusion The prostate, despite being an androgen-dependant gland, on exposure to E early in life could undergo structural disturbances that might lead to the development of prostatic disorders later.
Development of the human prostate
Differentiation
This paper provides a detailed compilation of human prostatic development that includes human fetal prostatic gross anatomy, histology, and ontogeny of selected epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation markers and signaling molecules throughout the stages of human prostatic development: (a) pre-bud urogenital sinus (UGS), (b) emergence of solid prostatic epithelial buds from urogenital sinus epithelium (UGE), (c) bud elongation and branching, (d) canalization of the solid epithelial cords, (e) differentiation of luminal and basal epithelial cells, and (f) secretory cytodifferentiation. Additionally, we describe the use of xenografts to assess the actions of androgens and estrogens on human fetal prostatic development. In this regard, we report a new model of de novo DHT-induction of prostatic development from xenografts of human fetal female urethras, which emphasizes the utility of the xenograft approach for investigation of initiation of human prostatic development. These studies raise the possibility of molecular mechanistic studies on human prostatic development through the use of tissue recombinants composed of mutant mouse UGM combined with human fetal prostatic epithelium. Our compilation of human prostatic developmental processes is likely to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer as the neoformation of ductal-acinar architecture during normal development is shared during the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
Neurourology and Urodynamics, 1998
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic urinary tract obstruction which was produced in the rat using neurohormonally induced experimental prostate growth. In this model, we considered the chronology of changes in the micturition characteristics of awake rats relative to prostate weight and stiffness. The corresponding urodynamic characteristics of both the upper and lower tracts were evaluated in anesthetized animals relative to the development and extent of the obstruction produced.