The bishop and the church – two liturgical paradigms of the changes after Constantine the Great (original) (raw)

It is beyond doubt that Constantine the Great‟s ascension onto the stage of history radically changed the life of the Roman Empire. The administrative, political and military measures initiated by Diocletian and continued by the ambitious emperor transformed not just the immense empire, but also the life of the Church. The Church came triumphantly out of the catacombs, and the new legal framework, favourable to Christians, determined significant mutations not only in the public life of the Church, but also in its inner dynamics. From small, hidden communities, with services enacted in private homes, the Church becomes shortly one of the main religions in the Empire. Under Constantine and his successors, the Church launches extensive construction programmes, the cult acquires a strong ceremonial stamp with ever more sumptuous services, Christians are promoted to public positions, bishops are granted civil and political honours and distinctions. Starting from these historical realitie...

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The Life and Legacy of Constantine

The transformation from the classical period to the medieval has long been associated with the rise of Christianity. This association has deeply influenced the way that modern audiences imagine the separation of the classical world from its medieval and early modern successors. The role played in this transformation by Constantine as the first Christian ruler of the Roman Empire has also profoundly shaped the manner in which we frame Late Antiquity and successive periods as distinctively Christian. The modern demarcation of the post-classical period is often inseparable from the reign of Constantine. The attention given to Constantine as a liminal figure in this historical transformation is understandable. Constantine's support of Christianity provided the religion with unprecedented public respectability and public expressions of that support opened previously unimagined channels of social, political and economic influence to Christians and non-Christians alike. The exact nature of Constantine's involvement or intervention has been the subject of continuous and densely argued debate. Interpretations of the motives and sincerity of his conversion to Christianity have characterized, with various results, explanations of everything from the religious culture of the late Roman state to the dynamics of ecclesiastical politics. What receives less-frequent attention is the fact that our modern appreciation of Constantine as a pivotal historical figure is itself a direct result of the manner in which Constantine's memory was constructed by the human imagination over the course of centuries. This volume offers a series of snapshots of moments in that process from the fourth to the sixteenth century.

Constantine the Great and the Ceremonial of the Ecumenical Councils

Church Studies 10, 2013

The terms ecclesiastical order and ceremonial procedure mean the unwritten and written rules that govern, shape, record, and secure the ecclesiastical customs and practices in the Orthodox Church. This paper will argue that Constantine the Great significantly contributed to the genesis of ecclesiastical ceremonial procedure through the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 325, and his work was continued by his successors in the following Ecumenical Councils. More specifically, with letters (κλητήρια γράµµατα) the emperor invited metropolitans and bishops to come to Nicaea. The letters-invitations informed the bishops of the exact date and place that the Council would meet. Moreover, Constantine as the organizer was responsible for covering the travel and accommodation expenses of the participants in the Council.

Emperor Constantine the Great (306 – 337) The Importance of His Faith in the History of the Church

St. Constantine the Great, Equal to the Apostles, First Christian Emperor of Rome, builder of Constantinople and founder the Byzantine Empire. He is a military victor, effective ruler and glorified saint. There is no doubt that his contribution to world history and that of the Orthodox Church is indeed spectacular. Eusebius describes him as “such an emperor as all history records not” and Ware places him “at a watershed in the history of the Church.” As Meyendorff asserts, “No single human being in history has contributed...to the conversion of so many to the Christian faith.” Norwich reiterates this opinion on a global scales stating that “No ruler in all of history...has ever more fully merited his title of ‘the Great’....[Constantine has] serious claim to be considered...the most influential man in all of history. Among Constantine’s most significant acts and initiatives of importance in church history are his legal initiation of freedom for Christianity with the Edict of Milan (313), his calling of the first Ecumenical Council at Nicaea (325), and moving the capital of the empire from pagan encrusted Rome to Constantinople (330). However, popular and academic loyalty regarding his status as ‘first Christian emperor’ and ‘saint of the Church’ has wavered over time. Dominant opinions have ebbed and flowed in their evaluation of Constantine’s role specifically as a Christian. A religious role of importance that, as Schmemann describes it, no one denies but the evaluators of which are “diametrically opposed.”

THE CONVERSION OF CONSTANTINE

Constantine the Great (285-337) was the Roman Emperor from 307 to 337. In these thirty years as Emperor of the Roman Empire he made two important decisions whose repercussions are still felt today. One was his conversion to Christianity, becoming the first Roman Emperor to do so, and making Catholicism the official religion of the Roman Empire. The second great decision was the move of the capital from Rome to Constantinople.

Liturgical handbooks as tools for promoting bishops’ ideological and political agendas: The example of Cambrai/Arras in the eleventh century, in: Revue du Nord 97/410 (2015)

This paper examines the political and ideological implications of liturgical handbooks and their usage as tools for promoting episcopal agendas. By focussing on the ritual for imperial crowning, preserved in the pontifical Cologne, Erzbischöfliche Diözesan- und Dombibliothek, 141, from the border diocese of Cambrai/Arras, that was drawn up in the middle of the eleventh century, the author argues that it is possible to interpret the structure and content of episcopal handbooks in the light of their compilers’ multiple – practical and theoretical – objectives, and to regard them as very consciously compiled to reflect political and ideological messages. The article shows how the scripting of a unique interpretation of the ritual of imperial coronation – entailing a considerable strengthening of the emperor’s position within the ceremony – in an episcopal handbook for local use was employed by the bishop to promote his political and ideological agenda, to valorise his episcopal authority, and to underscore the imperial identity of the diocese of Cambrai and its bishops in times of tension.

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Liturgical features of Roman churches 2014

‘Liturgical features of Roman churches: manifestations of the Church of Rome?’ in: Chiese locali e chiese regionali nell'alto Medioevo. Spoleto, 4-9 aprile 2013 Vol. LXI. Settimane di studio della Fondazione Centro italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo (pp. 321-338), 2014