Immune Responses To An Acute Maximal Exercise Changes During A Training Cycle In Swimming: 1533: Board# 66 June 1 2: 00 PM-3: 30 PM (original) (raw)
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Immune Responses To An Acute Maximal Exercise Changes During A Training Cycle In Swimming
In endurance sports, cycles of high training volume are implemented in order to optimize aerobic and movement economy adaptations. This leads to transient imbalances between training loads and recovery contributing to the onset of fatigue and sometimes illness in highly trained athletes. The well-established interdependence between substrate depletion, hormonal and immune functions elicits usually a immunodepression state as response to hard training periods. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of two subsequent training cycles of different load quantitative and intensity characteristics on the response of systemic and mucosal immunity to a maximal swimming bout. METHODS: 6 well-trained male swimmers (18±2.2 yrs; 177±6.3 cm; 67±5.3 Kg) performed an incremental maximal step test (7x200 m front crawl) in 3 moments of the season: M1 -after a recovery microcycle, M2 -after a 5 week period of aerobic overload (volume increased by 20%) and M3 -after 8 weeks of progressively decreasing volume and higher intensities. Blood and saliva samples were collected before (6:30 a.m.) and 5 min after, for the determination of leukocyte and total lymphocyte and subpopulations (CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD19 + and CD16 + ) counts by flow cytometry; serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration by cytometric bead array and salivary IgA (s-IgA) concentrations by ELISA. s-IgA secretory rate (sr-IgA) was calculated from s-IgA values. ANOVA for repeated measures was used for the assessment of training effect. The level of significance was set at p<.05.
The effect on immunity of long-term intensive training in elite swimmers
Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 2008
The impact of long-term training on systemic and mucosal immunity was assessed prospectively in a cohort of elite swimmers over a 7-month training season in preparation for national championships. The results indicated significant suppression (P < 0-05) of serum IgA, IgG and IgM and salivary IgA concentration in athletes associated with long-term training at an intensive level. There was also a trend towards lower IgG2 subclass levels in serum in athletes compared with controls (P = 0 07). There were no significant changes in numbers or percentages of B or T cell subsets, but there was a significant fall in natural killer (NK) cell numbers and percentages in athletes over the training season (P < 005). After individual training sessions there was a significant decrease in salivary IgA levels for athletes compared with controls (P = 0-002). In athletes there was a downward trend in salivary IgA levels over the 7-month training period in both the pre-exercise (P = 0 06) and post-exercise samples (P = 0 04). There were no significant trends in salivary IgG levels over the study period in either athletes or controls. The only significant change in salivary IgM levels was an increase in detection rate in the pre-competition phase in athletes (P = 0 03). The study suggests that training of elite athletes at an intensive level over both short-and long-time frames suppresses both systemic and mucosal immunity. Protracted immune suppression linked with prolonged training may determine susceptibility to infection, particularly at times of major competitions.
Immune response to changes in training intensity and duration in male athletes
scholarsresearchlibrary.com
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of exercise at 85% VO2max (30min) with prolonged exercise at a lower work rate (60% VO2max for up to1.5 h) on blood leukocyte count and the percent blood leukocyte subsets in young men athletes. Fifteen athlete male university students (mean ± SD age 22.3±2.6 yr, weight 65.5±5.72 Kg and height 174.2±3.64 cm) participated in this study. After physical examinations, subjects performed Running on an electrically treadmill at 85% VO2max (30 min). On another occasion, separated by at least one week, subjects performed exercise on the same treadmill at 60% VO2max for 1.5 hour. Blood samples were collected from a peripheral arm vein before and immediately after exercise sessions, and served for determination of total and differential leukocyte counts. The acquired data were analyzed by MedCalc software and using t-tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Both exercise bouts caused significant (p<0.05) elevations of the blood leukocyte count. Mean blood leukocyte count were increased from 6.4±0.79 to10.26±3.3 and 6.32±0.75 to 9.85±2 (×10 6 /ml) after exercise at the 60% VO2max (1.5 h) and 85% VO2max (30min) respectively. After exercise at the lower work rate for a longer duration, blood monocytes (1.25%) and neutrophil percent (11%) were significantly higher and blood lymphocytes (11.75%) were significantly lower than those observed at 80% VO2max. However, No significant differences were observed in the blood monocytes percent after the both exercise bouts (p<0.05). The results showed that when exercise is very prolonged, the diminution of innate immune function is greater, than or at least as great as that observed after fatiguing exercise at higher work rates. The sum of acute responses observed in this study may exert a protective effect against sickness and may be used to improve health and lifespan in athletes.
2012
Objectives: In this study for surveying the relation between exercise and immune cell, we examine the effect of Effect of 8 weeks endurance training on immune system cell changes with recovery period. Study design: Experimental study Methods: participant of this research including health and yang males that were randomized divided into two groups :( ETG) endurance training groups with 15 men; and (CG) 13 men in to control group. Different factor of anthropometric characteristics (i.e. age, weight & height) and also white blood cell (i.e. lymphocyte, neutrophils, monocytes) were experimented. In this study, subjects, runs on a treadmill for 15-30 min at 50 % - 70% maximal Heart rate for 8 weeks, with Venous blood sample was taken at pre, post and at 24- hours and 48-hours after exercise. For data analyze, we used of one -way using repeated-measurements ANOVA, in SPSS12. And also Significance was evaluated as P < 0.05.In addition, all values are expressed as mean ± standard deviati...
Effect of 8 Weeks Endurance Training on Immune System Cell Changes with Recovery Period
Physical activity and Exercise training is a stressful stimulus that induces changes and adaptation in many organs such as skeletal system, endocrine system, pulmonary system, cardiovascular system, immune system and other organs. The immune system is a defense network that plays an important role in human. Research on topic of exercise immunology area (physical activity and immune system function), approximately began from 1900. Numerous papers in this area were written. Bryan et al. (2001) reported that more than 600 papers on exercise and immune system published in pub med until 2001. 1 And we fund about 3000 paper on exercise and immune system in pub med from 1900 to 2011. Our research in pub med showed that 524 paper of these papers was review paper that publication by famous researchers. Recently different study demonstrated that, the relation between exercise and immune function was favorite area for researcher. Varieties of published data suggest that immune system function changed after physical activity. Immune system divided into subset, the innate immune and the adaptive immune. Malaguarnera et al (2008), demonstrating that, different componesent of immune system activated against pathogens and also act as the first defense. 2 Regular physical activity is beneficial for general health. The protective and therapeutic effects of physical activity or exercise and training on several diseases (e.g. cardiac disease, diabetes, and hypertension) are well known. 3 Type, intense and duration of exercise and physical activity effect on immune system and also alter the immune system response. In this area, Buttner et al. (2007) has suggested that intense training induce decrease in immune system components. Whereas this components increase after moderate exercise. 3
Effects of intensified training and taper on immune function
Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 2013
Although resting immune function is not very different in athletes compared with non-athletes periods of intensified training (overreaching) in already well trained athletes can result in a depression of immunity in the resting state. Illness-prone athletes appear to have an altered cytokine response to antigen stimulation and exercise. Having low levels of salivary IgA secretion also makes athletes more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections. Overtraining is associated with recurrent infections and immunodepression is common, but immune functions do not seem to be reliable markers of impending overtraining. There are several possible causes of the diminution of immune function associated with periods of heavy training. One mechanism may simply be the cumulative effects of repeated bouts of intense exercise (with or without tissue damage) with the consequent elevation of stress hormones, particularly glucocorticoids such as cortisol, causing temporary inhibition of TH-1 c...
In-vivo cell mediated immunity in elite swimmers in response to training
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2004
This study investigated in-vivo cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in elite swimmers over a 5-month training season, to assess the impact of intense training on changes in Tlymphocyte function. The CMI Multitest TM was performed early in the season after a period of rest, during peak high-intensity training, and late in the season during the precompetition taper period. The CMI tests were performed at rest prior to a morning training session. There were no significant differences between the swimmers and a control group for any of the seven CMI antigen responses at any of the test points during the season. In the swimmers, there were no significant differences in the number of positive responses to the CMI antigens between the three test points (Friedman's test=9.6364, p=0.47) and no significant differences for the CMI cumulative scores (Friedman's test = 11.98, p=0.29) at each test point. There was no consistent pattern for changes in CMI cumulative scores for individual swimmers over the training season. The findings of this study indicate that, despite reported transient T-lymphocyte immune suppression immediately after intense exercise, probably associated with acute redistribution and temporary pooling of blood T cell subsets in extremities, the T-lymphocyte function involved in CMI responses is not compromised by extended periods of training at an elite level.
Frontiers in Physiology, 2020
Competitive swimming requires high training load cycles including consecutive sessions with little recovery in between which may contribute to the onset of fatigue and eventually illness. We aimed to investigate immune changes over a 7-month swimming season. Fifty-four national and international level swimmers (25 females, 29 males), ranging from 13 to 20 years of age, were evaluated at rest at: M1 (beginning of the season), M2 (after the 1st macrocycle's main competition), M3 (highest training load phase of the 2nd macrocycle) and M4 (after the 2nd macrocycle's main competition) and grouped according to sex, competitive age-groups, or pubertal Tanner stages. Hemogram and the lymphocytes subsets were assessed by automatic cell counting and by flow cytometry, respectively. Self-reported Upper Respiratory Symptoms (URS) and training load were quantified. Although the values remained within the normal range reference, at M2, CD8 + decreased (M1 = 703 ± 245 vs. M2 = 665 ± 278 cell µL −1 ; p = 0.032) and total lymphocytes (TL, M1 = 2831 ± 734 vs. M2 = 2417 ± 714 cell µL −1 ; p = 0.007), CD3 + (M1 = 1974 ± 581 vs. M2 = 1672 ± 603 cell µL −1 ; p = 0.003), and CD4 + (M1 = 1102 ± 353 vs. M2 = 929 ± 329 cell µL −1 ; p = 0.002) decreased in youth. At M3, CD8 + remained below baseline (M3 = 622 ± 245 cell µL −1 ; p = 0.008), eosinophils (M1 = 0.30 ± 0.04 vs. M3 = 0.25 ± 0.03 10 9 L −1 ; p = 0.003) and CD16 + 56 + (M1 = 403 ± 184 vs. M3 = 339 ± 135 cell µL −1 ; p = 0.019) decreased, and TL, CD3 + , and CD4 + recovered in youth. At M4, CD19 + were elevated (M1 = 403 ± 170 vs. M4 = 473 ± 151 cell µL −1 ; p = 0.022), CD16 + 56 + continued to decrease (M4 = 284 ± 131 cell µL −1 ; p < 0.001), eosinophils remained below baseline (M4 = 0.29 ± 0.05 10 9 L −1 ; p = 0.002) and CD8 + recovered; monocytes were also decreased in male seniors (M1 = 0.77 ± 0.22 vs. M4 = 0.57 ± 0.16 10 9 L −1 ; p = 0.031). The heaviest training load and higher frequency of URS episodes happened at M3. The swimming season induced a cumulative effect toward a decrease of the number of innate immune cells, while acquired immunity appeared to be more affected at the most intense period, recovering after tapering. Younger athletes were more susceptible at the beginning of the training season than older ones.
Long-term swimming training modifies acute immune cell response to a high-intensity session
European journal of applied physiology, 2018
Long-term training influence on athletes' immune cell response to acute exercise has been poorly studied, despite the complexity of both chronic and acute adaptations induced by training. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of a 4-month swimming training cycle on the immune cell response to a high-intensity training session, during 24 h of recovery, considering sex, maturity, and age group. Forty-three swimmers (16 females, 14.4 ± 1.1 years; 27 males, 16.2 ± 2.0) performed a standardized high-intensity session, after the main competition of the first (M1), and second (M2) macrocycles. Blood samples were collected before (Pre), immediately after (Post), 2 h after (Post2h) and 24 h after (Post24h) exercise. Haemogram and lymphocytes subsets were assessed by an automatic cell counter and by flow cytometry, respectively. Subjects were grouped according to sex, competitive age groups, or pubertal Tanner stages. Results express the percentage of relative differences fro...
Immune function in sport and exercise
Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007
Regular moderate exercise is associated with a reduced incidence of infection compared with a completely sedentary state. However, prolonged bouts of strenuous exercise cause a temporary depression of various aspects of immune function (e.g., neutrophil respiratory burst, lymphocyte proliferation, monocyte antigen presentation) that usually lasts ∼3–24 h after exercise, depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise bout. Postexercise immune function dysfunction is most pronounced when the exercise is continuous, prolonged (>1.5 h), of moderate to high intensity (55–75% maximum O2 uptake), and performed without food intake. Periods of intensified training (overreaching) lasting 1 wk or more may result in longer lasting immune dysfunction. Although elite athletes are not clinically immune deficient, it is possible that the combined effects of small changes in several immune parameters may compromise resistance to common minor illnesses, such as upper respiratory tract inf...