Porphyrins are increased in the faeces of patients with prostate cancer: a case-control study (original) (raw)
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Journal of Fluorescence, 2010
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men, and unfortunately many prostate tumours remain asymptomatic until they reach advanced stages. Diagnosis is typically performed through Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) quantification, Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and Transrectal Ultrasonography (TU). The antigen (PSA) is secreted by all prostatic epithelial cells and not exclusively by cancerous ones, so its concentration also increases in the presence of other prostatic diseases. DRE and TU are not reliable for early detection, when histological analysis of prostate tissue obtained from a biopsy is necessary. In this context, fluorescence techniques are very important for the diagnosis of cancer. In this paper we explore the potential of using endogenous phorphyrin blood fluorescence as tumour marker for prostate cancer. Substances such as porphyrin derivatives accumulate substantially more in tumours than in normal tissues; thus, measuring blood porphyrin concentration by autofluorescence intensity may provide a good parameter for determining tumour stage. In this study, the autofluorescence of blood porphyrin was analyzed using fluorescence and excitation spectroscopy on healthy male NUDE mice and in those with prostate cancer induced by inoculation of DU145 cells. A significant contrast between the blood of normal and cancer subjects could be established. Blood porphyrin fluorophore showed an enhancement on the fluorescence band around 632 nm following tumour growth. Fluorescence detection has advantages over other light-based investigation methods: high sensitivity, high speed and safety. However it does carry the drawback of low specificity of detection. The extraction of blood porphyrin using acetone can solve this problem, since optical excitation of further molecular species can be excluded, and light scattering from blood samples is negligible.
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 2011
Background: The objective of this paper was to verify if the oral administration of ␦aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in animals with prostate tumor can increase the sensitivity of cancer diagnosis by protoporphyrin IX blood autofluorescence. In this study, the autofluorescence of blood porphyrin was analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy on healthy male NUDE mice and in those with prostate cancer induced by the inoculation of DU145 cells. Methods: A total of 18 male NUDE mice, ∼8 weeks old on arrival were divided into 3 groups: Control, Tumor and ALA Tumor. The autofluorescence of blood porphyrin of the groups was analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy at different days after tumor induction, to monitor the tumor progression. Emission spectra were obtained by exciting the samples at 405 nm. The animals inoculated had their blood collected with and without oral ALA solution administration to compare PPIX endogenous (Tumor group) and exogenous (ALA Tumor group) signal intensity and to establish a method to diagnosis early prostate cancer. Results: Significant differences were observed in autofluorescence intensities measured in the 575-725 nm spectral regions for the studied groups.
Study of Blood Porphyrin Spectral Profile for Diagnosis of Tumor Progression
Journal of Fluorescence, 2007
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of new cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Unfortunately many RCC masses remain asymptomatic and nonpalpable until they are advanced. Diagnosis and localization of early carcinoma play an important role in the prevention and curative treatment of RCC. The autofluorescence of blood porphyrin of healthy and tumor induced in male SCID mice was analyzed using fluorescence and excitation spectroscopy. A significant contrast between normal and tumor blood could be established. Blood porphyrin fluorophore showed enhanced fluorescence band (around 630 nm) in function of the tumor growth. This indicates that either the autofluorescence intensity of the blood fluorescence may provide a good parameter for the “first approximation” characterization of the tumor stage.
Journal of biophotonics, 2016
Bladder cancer is among the most common cancers in the UK and conventional detection techniques suffer from low sensitivity, low specificity, or both. Recent attempts to address the disparity have led to progress in the field of autofluorescence as a means to diagnose the disease with high efficiency, however there is still a lot not known about autofluorescence profiles in the disease. The multi-functional diagnostic system "LAKK-M" was used to assess autofluorescence profiles of healthy and cancerous bladder tissue to identify novel biomarkers of the disease. Statistically significant differences were observed in the optical redox ratio (a measure of tissue metabolic activity), the amplitude of endogenous porphyrins and the NADH/porphyrin ratio between tissue types. These findings could advance understanding of bladder cancer and aid in the development of new techniques for detection and surveillance.
Fluorescence spectra and microscopic imaging of porphyrins in single cells and tissues
Lasers in Medical Science, 1989
Fluorescence spectra of photosensitizing porphyrins in single cells and tissues were measured using advanced microscopic and fibre-optic techniques. The porphyrin emission bands at 620-700 nm were superposed by autofluorescence of cells and tissues, showing a broad maximum around 520 nm and some lower emission in the red part of the spectrum. To differentiate between these contributions, 'red' and 'green' spectral ranges were selected where autofluorescence had the same intensity. This selection was used for microscopic imaging to detect porphyrin distributions in tissues by subtraction of the intensity patterns of integral fluorescence-measured in the range of 590-800 nm-and autofluorescence-determined at 520-560 nm. The fluorescence intensities were measured and quantitated in squamous cell carcinomas of Syrian hamsters and in subcutaneously induced inflammations of Wistar rats. Due to quenching or re-absorption of the green fluorescence light in blood vessels, the method was not appropriate for porphyrin detection in vascular systems.
Study of porphyrin fluorescence in tissue samples of tumour-bearing mice
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-biology, 1995
A time-gated fluorescence-imaging technique was applied to study the distribution of sensitizer in porphyrin-treated tumour-bearing mice. The animals were administered with either haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) or Photofrin ® and sacrificed 4 or 12 h later. Fluorescence i~nages were acquired from tumour, skin, muscle, fat, brain, lymph node, bowel and bone of both treated and untreated mice. The results cbtained with HpD and Photofrin ® are similar. In images acquired 30 ns after excitation a bright exogenous fluorescence allows clear detection ~: f the tumour. Nevertheless, the images show that porphyrins localize with different concentrations in all the examined tissues except the ~rain. Moreover, an appreciable long-living endogenous emission was observed in the bone. reywords: Fluorescence; Porphyrins; Time-gated imaging; Tumour detection 1011-1344/95/$09.50 © 1995 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved gSDIIOI 1-1344(95)07145-8
Factors influencing fluorescence spectra of free porphyrins
Clinical Chemistry
14. Lee VW, Willis C. Activity of human and nonhuman amylases ondifferent substrates used in enzymatic kinetic assay methods-a pitfall in interlaboratory quality control. Am J Cliii Pathol 1982;77:290-6. 15. O'DonnellMD, McGeeney KF. Suitability of control materials in the differential inhibition assay for human pancreatic and salivary aniylase. Clin Chem 1983;29:510.-2.
Cancer detection by native fluorescence of urine
Journal of Biomedical Optics, 2010
Because cancer is a dreaded disease, a number of techniques such as biomarker evaluation, mammograms, colposcopy, and computed tomography scan are currently employed for early diagnosis. Many of these are specific to a particular site, invasive, and often expensive. Hence, there is a definite need for a simple, generic, noninvasive protocol for cancer detection, comparable to blood and urine tests for diabetes. Our objective is to show the results of a novel study in the diagnosis of several cancer types from the native or intrinsic fluorescence of urine. We use fluorescence emission spectra ͑FES͒ and stokes shift spectra ͑SSS͒ to analyze the native fluorescence of the first voided urine samples of healthy controls ͑N = 100͒ and those of cancer patients ͑N =50͒ of different etiology. We show that flavoproteins and porphyrins released into urine can act as generic biomarkers of cancer with a specificity of 92%, a sensitivity of 76%, and an overall accuracy of 86.7%. We employ FES and SSS for rapid and costeffective quantification of certain intrinsic biomarkers in urine for screening and diagnosis of most common cancer types with an overall accuracy of 86.7%.
Journal of Chromatography B, 2003
A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method without sample pretreatment was developed and validated for determination of porphyrins in samples of canine urine. Acidified urine samples were directly injected into the LC-MS system and a gradient elution program was applied. The mass spectrometer was operated in the multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and six porphyrins were detected with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. The lower limits of quantification were 0.014 nmol / mL for mesoporphyrin IX, coproporphyrin I, 5-carboxylporphyrin, 6-carboxylporphyrin and 7-carboxylporphyrin, and 0.029 nmol / mL for uroporphyrin I. Good ln-quadratic responses of calibration standards over the range 0.01 to 1.0 nmol / mL for mesoporphyrin IX, coproporphyrin I, 5-carboxylporphyrin, 6-carboxylporphyrin and 7-carboxylporphyrin, and 0.02 to 1.0 nmol / mL for uroporphyrin I were demonstrated. This method should be easily adapted through cross-validation for use in determining the effects of chemicals and pharmaceuticals on the urinary excretion profile of porphyrins in preclinical studies with other species, and in assisting the diagnosis of porphyria in clinical studies.