The chicken eggshell calcium oxide ultrasonically dispersed over lignite coal fly ash-based cancrinite zeolite support as a catalyst for biodiesel production (original) (raw)
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CaO-rich catalyst obtained from palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) has promising potential for biodiesel production. Sunflower oil methanolysis catalyzed by PKSB-based catalyst is optimized. Optimum reaction conditions ensure the best FAME content of 99%. Reaction rate law is changing-and first-order with respect to TAG and FAME. PKSB catalyst can be reused without any treatment in three consecutive cycles. a b s t r a c t Sunflower oil methanolysis over CaO-based palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) catalyst was assessed by coupling full factorial design with modeling, optimization and kinetic studies. According to the analysis of variance, the effect of reaction temperature and methanol-to-oil molar ratio on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) synthesis is significant, while the effect of catalyst loading is statistically negligible. The optimum reaction conditions are found to be catalyst loading of 3 wt%, temperature of 65 °C and methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, ensuring the best FAME content of 99%. The kinetic model of the methanolysis of sunflower oil, catalyzed by PKSB-based catalyst, combines the changing-and first-order reaction rate laws with respect to triacylglycerols and FAMEs, respectively. The high activation energy (108.8 kJ/mol) indicates the temperature sensitivity of the reaction. The CaO-based PKSB catalyst can be reused without any treatment in three consecutive cycles with no significant drop in activity. Since the calcium content in the biodiesel product is higher than the standard limit, the overall process should include a purification stage.
Synthesis of calcium oxide based catalysts for biodiesel production
2018
In this work, synthesis of several types of calcium oxide based catalysts by mechanochemical treatment and subsequent calcination is presented. Prepared nanocomposite CaO·ZnO, calcium containing perovskites CaTiO3, CaMnO3, CaZrO3 and Ca2Fe2O5, a series of CaO·SiO2 mixed oxides and calcium diglyceroxide (CaDG) were characterized and tested in the methanolysis of sunflower oil under different working conditions: catalyst amount, agitation speed, temperature and methanol to oil molar ratio
Academic Journal of Chemistry, 2021
Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compar...
Calcium oxide based catalysts for biodiesel production: A review
Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 2016
Vegetable oils are mainly esters of fatty acids and glycerol, which can be converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), also known as biodiesel, by the transesterification reaction with methanol. In order to attain environmental benignity, a large attention has been focused in the last decades on utilizing heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production instead the homogenously catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil. The pure CaO or CaO mixed with some other metal oxide due to its low solubility in methanol, FAME and glycerol, low cost and availability is one of the most promising among the proposed heterogeneous catalysts. Solid catalysts which contain CaO usually fulfill a number of important requirements, such as high activity at mild temperature, marginal leaching of Ca cations, long life activity, reusability in transesterification of vegetable oil and easy recovery from the final products of transesterification (FAME and glycerol). This review is focused to the recen...
Biodiesel from sunflower oil by using activated calcium oxide
Applied Catalysis B-environmental, 2007
This work studies the activity of activated CaO as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel by transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. Three basic aspects were investigated: the role of H 2 O and CO 2 in the deterioration of the catalytic performance by contact with room air, the stability of the catalyst by reutilization in successive runs and the heterogeneous character of the catalytic reaction. The characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), evolved gas analysis by mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) during heating the sample under programmed temperature, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies allowed to concluding that CaO is rapidly hydrated and carbonated by contact with room air. Few minutes are enough to chemisorb significant amount of H 2 O and CO 2 . It is demonstrated that the CO 2 is the main deactivating agent whereas the negative effect water is less important. As a matter of fact the surface of the activated catalyst is better described as an inner core of CaO particles covered by very few layers of Ca(OH) 2 . The activation by outgassing at temperatures !973 K are required to revert the CO 2 poisoning. The catalyst can be reused for several runs without significant deactivation. The catalytic reaction is the result of the heterogeneous and homogeneous contributions. Part of the reaction takes place on basic sites at the surface of the catalyst, the rest is due to the dissolution of the activated CaO in methanol that creates homogeneous leached active species. #
Performance of calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production: A review
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011
The accelerating and frequently fluctuating price of conventional diesel, together with growing environmental concerns has sparked renewed attention on the search for an alternative fuel. The awareness of the toxic effects related to the tailpipe emissions of vehicles has driven many countries to look for a less-polluted transportation fuel. In this regard, biodiesel (alkyl esters) from vegetable oils or animal fats via transesterification is regarded as the most viable alternative as a green fuel for diesel engines. Transesterification is a catalyzed process and, traditionally, homogeneous catalysts are employed. However, this type of catalyst is not able to be reused and requires tedious washing and separating steps, hence, stimulating the conception of heterogeneous-catalyzed transesterification. Despite the success of various heterogeneous catalysts, many are not viable for wide industrial usage as most of the catalysts are expensive and need additional preparation effort. Among them, CaO seems to have a promising place and the increasing research on CaO is self-evidence of its capability in catalyzing the reaction. Therefore, in this paper, various issues regarding CaO-catalyzed transesterification are reviewed. The diverse performance of CaO in neat, loaded and mixed forms, as well as a support for other catalyst systems, CaO reaction mechanism, CaO tolerance to low to moderate oil qualities and reaction conditions, the conformance of CaO-catalyzed biodiesel to key specifications and the future outlook and the challenges of the catalyst are suitably addressed.
A review of heterogeneous calcium oxide based catalyst from waste for biodiesel synthesis
SN Applied Sciences
Biodiesel is one of the most promising method to replace the fossil fuels because it is more environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, biodiesel manufacturing costs are much higher compared to conventional fossil fuels. Thus, the biodiesel should be synthesizing from reusable wastes to minimize the production cost. Homogeneous catalyst is the most common catalyst employed in the commercial biodiesel field. However, there are some drawbacks in using homogeneous catalyst in the reaction such as the difficulties faced in separation process of the homogeneous catalyst from the mixture of product. The presence of promising current technology has proved that the utilization of heterogeneous catalyst can assist in overcoming the existing problem of homogeneous catalytic reaction, especially in wastewater generation. The heterogeneous catalysts are more environmentally friendly, easier to separate and its reusability property. Despite its low production cost and its beneficial use as an eco-friendly waste recycle method, waste materials may possess qualities and characteristics that differ from the conventional homogeneous catalyst prior to biodiesel production. This review paper focused in the recent discovery of the heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from natural bio-waste materials, especially CaO-based such as eggshells, seashells and bones for biodiesel production. Apart from that, gypsum, part of the construction waste is proposed as the newly found heterogeneous catalyst. Gypsum exists abundantly due to the rapid development of the economics where construction and demolition activities are happening daily. The utilization of these construction waste-based catalysts may able to provide a sustainable route for biodiesel production. This review will enhance the development and existing scientific data in the area of biodiesel production and the synthesis of CaObased catalyst especially the synthesis of CaO-based catalysts from construction material.