Comparison between landfill gas and waste incineration for power generation in Accra, Ghana (original) (raw)
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Fuel Processing Technology, 2013
In 2010, the total generated municipal solid waste (MSW) in Ghana was 4.5 million tons. About 90% of the total MSW generated is not effectively managed but dumped in unauthorized places creating serious burden on human health. With a population growth rate of about 3.4% per year, Ghana is predicted to face big challenges in waste management. One effective way of managing solid waste is to recover the potent energy from them through waste-to-energy (WTE) plants such as engineered landfilling and controlled incineration. Cost assessment of power generation based on MSW in Ghana showed that the average cost of electricity for landfill gas power plants with already existing closed engineered landfill emerged as the cheapest (USD 0.039/ kWh) compared to landfilling without engineered sites and controlled incineration. Moreover, the average domestic employment per megawatt energy generated is higher at approximately 185 for existing engineered landfills compared to the other technologies. Engineered landfill sites are under construction in Ghana whose average power extraction would be between 1 and 2 MW. Thus a potentially sustainable way of managing MSW in Ghana is through the construction of WTE plants to generate electricity.
Standardization of the Electricity and Economic Potentials of Landfill gas (LFG) in Lagos, Nigeria
International Journal of Science and Engineering, 2014
Globally, various practical data and scholarly estimations of the electricity potentials of landfill gas (LFG) have been forwarded and these can be juxtaposed for estimations in the megacity called Lagos. The calculated values were between 63.22-700MW of derivable electricity. However, in order to limit observable disparities and ambiguities in these derivations and thus allow for more accurate projections, these estimations can be gauged using as template; -stoichiometry, establishing 50% of landfill gas as methane, assuming 50% of this volume as recoverable, and using a proposed engine efficiency of 30%. This standardization projects a theoretical mean achievable electrical power of 121.69 MW for the Lagos area from a population of about 21 million with a generation per capita (GPC) of 0.63kg with biodegradable content of about 60%. The yearly electrical energy was placed at 1,066,004.4 MWh with tariff revenue in excess of US$ 106.6 million /yr. An accruing carbon credit of about US$75.59 million /yr is expected from certified emission reduction (CER). The projected derivations can be used as models for evaluation of the landfill gas and electricity potentials in many parts of the world.
The quest for reliable and adequate power supply in Nigeria has brought about a surge of interest in renewable energy generation, particularly from wind, solar, hydro and biomass resources including municipal solid waste. Waste-derived energy raises unique interest because of the magnitude of benefits to environmental protection and socioeconomic advancement. The successful operation of Waste-to Energy (WtE) facilities in Nigeria requires continuous supply of solid waste and enabling environment amongst other factors. This study conducted a state-level assessment of the WtE potential of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Nigeria. Our findings show that the electricity generation potential for the different states in Nigeria varied from 31 to 205 MW, depending on state's waste generation capacity. The country's annual electricity generation potential from MSW was estimated to be 26,744 GWh/year, with 89% of the states having sufficient generation capacity at minimum regulatory electricity generation requirement of 50 MW. But, based on current realities such as poor collection efficiencies, Nigeria's exploitable WtE capacity from MSW was below 3800 GWh/year, with all the states having less than 50 MW capacity. On-site power generation such as dedicated power station for industrial estates and corporate users can be a feasible form of distributing energy generated from WtE facilities. The outcomes of this study are important in informing the siting of WtE facilities in Nigeria and for enabling policy framework.
Standardization of The Electricity and Economics Potentials of Landfill Gas (LFG) in Lagos, Nigeria
Globally, various practical data and scholarly estimations of the electricity potentials of landfill gas (LFG) have been forwarded and these can be juxtaposed for estimations in the megacity called Lagos. The calculated values were between 63.22-700MW of derivable electricity. However, in order to limit observable disparities and ambiguities in these derivations and thus allow for more accurate projections, these estimations can be gauged using as template; -stoichiometry, establishing 50% of landfill gas as methane, assuming 50% of this volume as recoverable, and using a proposed engine efficiency of 30%. This standardization projects a theoretical mean achievable electrical power of 121.69 MW for the Lagos area from a population of about 21 million with a generation per capita (GPC) of 0.63kg with biodegradable content of about 60%. The yearly electrical energy was placed at 1,066,004.4 MWh with tariff revenue in excess of US$ 106.6 million /yr. An accruing carbon credit of about US$75.59 million /yr is expected from certified emission reduction (CER). The projected derivations can be used as models for evaluation of the landfill gas and electricity potentials in many parts of the world.
ENERGY RECOVERY POTENTIAL AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN GOMBE, NIGERIA
Scientific Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 2020
This study intends to estimate the potential amount of electrical energy that could be recovered from the solid waste disposed of at the only government operated dumpsite in the city of Gombe, Nigeria. The greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere from the process is estimated. The American Standard of Testing and Measurements method was used to characterise the waste, a mathematical model based on the waste composition was then used to determine its caloric value-2,577.81 kJ/kg. Result of the characterisation study which showed that the waste contains about 65% inorganic materials and the calorific value estimated informed the choice of incineration as the most suitable waste to energy technology. When the potential amount of energy that could be recovered was estimated, it was found that for the 10-year period that the landfill has been in existence, on a daily basis an average of 232,160 kwh/day could be generated, this is capable of powering 42% of the houses in the city. It was also found that by using the electricity recovered from the waste, there is a potential to reduce emission of greenhouse gases from the use grid electricity by up to 49,742.19 tCO2e in a year. The study therefore recommended that results of the study can be used as a guide for the city's authorities and other stakeholders for the initiation of a waste to energy project.
Evaluation of energy potential of Municipal Solid Waste from African urban areas
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015
Energy is a critical issue for Africa, where large number of people do not have access to energy. Energy recovery from waste can play a role in minimising the impact of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) on the environment with the additional benefit of providing a local source of energy. This study was carried out to assess, at the African level, the role which waste could play in providing energy to citizens and provides an estimate of the total potential of energy from waste incineration and from landfill gas (LFG). The results show an energy potential of all waste generated in Africa of 1125 PJ in 2012 and 2199 PJ in 2025. Nevertheless, if energy recovery through LFG is considered, about 155 PJ could be recovered in 2012 and 363 PJ in 2025 if waste actually collected, or projected to be collected, is considered. The electricity generation could reach 62.5 TWh in 2012 and 122.2 TWh in 2025, in case of full waste collection, compared with electricity consumption in Africa of 661.5 TWh in 2010. If waste actually collected is considered, these estimates decrease respectively to 34.
Clean Technologies
The per capita municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per day in Ghana is estimated to be 0.47 kg/person/day, which translates to over 14,000 tonnes of solid waste generation daily. The disposal and management of this amount of solid waste has been challenging worldwide, and in Ghana, this is evident with the creation of unsanitary dumping sites scattered across most communities in the country, especially urban communities. The indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in Ghana is known to cause flooding, the pollution of water bodies, and the spread of diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the prospects of waste incineration with energy recovery as a waste-to-energy (WtE) technology which has contributed immensely to the disposal and management of MSW in nations worldwide (especially developed ones). The review indicates that waste incineration with energy recovery is a matured waste-to-energy technology in developed nations, and there are currently about 492 waste inci...
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ENERGY RECOVERY FROM LANDFILL GAS IN NORTH EAST NIGERIA
Techno-Science: Scientific Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 2021
The Northeastern Region of Nigeria is the region with least access to grid electricity in the country, this and poor solid waste management are some of the problems hindering the economic and general growth of the region. This research focuses on economic and environmental benefits of recovering energy from landfill gas (LFG). The study utilized secondary data obtained from literature covering a period of 24 years. It was observed that the cumulative quantity of solid waste generated in the region for the period studied reached 104,886,616 tonnes. Using IPCC's default model, it was determined that such quantity of MSW has the potential of emitting 3,199,142.95 tonnes of methane, and has the capacity of generating 9,066.96 ×106 kWh of electricity. It was estimated that the electricity recovered from the waste produced in the region has the potential for powering about 12% of the households in the region. Findings also suggested that the region could cumulatively earn US$ 2.25 billion from the sale of electricity and carbon trading within the studied time period. From an environmental perspective, it was discovered that the emission of 89,576,002.54 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent could be avoided by recovering energy from LFG rather than letting it dissipate into the atmosphere. Hence, this study concluded that the environmental and economic benefits of recovering energy from landfill gas are enormous, and it is suggested that the recovery potential can be further improved by having a more efficient waste collection system.
Regenerating Waste to Energy: A Scenario-Based Assessment of Lagos, Nigeria
Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 2016
This study uses scenario-based approaches to assess the regenerative capacity of transforming organic wastes into electric power for the City of Lagos, Nigeria. Lagos represents a rapidly growing city with a population of 21 million in a developing country where serious shortages are experienced in producing sufficient electric power. As in many developing countries, rapid urbanization has lead to mismanagement of solid waste disposal, illegal deposal methods, issues in landfill infrastructure, and inefficiencies in developing recycling industries and other regenerative systems. This paper examines the feasibility of regenerating organic waste into electricity by projecting the volume of methane gas that could have been harvested in two closed landfills and one still operating landfill. The analysis applies the United States Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Gas Emissions Model (U.S. EPA LandGEM) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models to measure waste to ...
E3S Web of Conferences
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is still a serious problem in Indonesia. As well as following up on the Indonesian Government’s commitment to reduce carbon emissions, a Presidential decree Perpres Number 18 of 2016 concerning the Acceleration of the Development of Waste-Based Power Plants was made. It is expected that the construction of Waste-Based Power Plants from landfills can reduce the budget deficit in handling municipal waste while maintaining environmental preservation. This research calculates the potential of landfill gas that can be produced from the landfill waste dumps of Jatibarang, as well as the capacity of electrical energy that can be produced. Furthermore, with several types of plant scenarios used, it can be seen the economic feasibility of the construction of a Waste Based Power Plant in Jatibarang landfill. The landfill gas potential and economic feasibility for this study are calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Inventory Software...