The Use of Chitosan for Flocculation Recovery of Bacillus Biomass Grown on Dairy and Wine Industry Effluents (original) (raw)
Efficiency of chitosans applied for flocculation of different bacteria
Water research, 2002
Three types of well-characterized chitosans of different composition were applied to flocculate 8 different bacterial species. The aim of this study was to relate chitosan structure and flocculation characteristic to general bacterial characteristics such as the cell surface charge and hydrophobicity. Large differences in the flocculation efficiency of chitosan were found between different bacterial suspensions, both regarding the effective chitosan concentrations and the optimal type of chitosan. However, no correlation was observed between general surface characteristics of bacteria and flocculation by chitosan of different composition. It may be concluded that purely electrostatic interactions did not play a dominant role in flocculation of Gram-negative bacteria in this study. The presence of GlcNAc residues had clearly beneficial effects on flocculation in such cases.
Chitosan for direct bioflocculation of wastewater
Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2019
Coagulation/flocculation is a major phenomenon occurring during industrial and municipal water treatment to remove suspended particles. Common coagulants are metal salts, whereas flocculants are synthetic organic polymers. Those materials are appreciated for their high performance, low cost, ease of use, availability and efficiency. Nonetheless, their use has induced environmental health issues such as water pollution by metals and production of large amounts of sludges. As a consequence, alternative coagulants and flocculants, named biocoagulants and bioflocculants due to their biological origin and biodegradability, have been recently developed for water and wastewater treatment. In particular, chitosan and chitosan-based products have found applications as bioflocculants for the removal of particulate and dissolved pollutants by direct bioflocculation. Direct flocculation is done with water-soluble, ionic organic polymers without classical metalbased coagulants, thus limiting water pollution. Chitosan is a partially deacetylated polysaccharide obtained from chitin, a biopolymer extracted from shellfish sources. This polysaccharide exhibits a variety of physicochemical and functional properties resulting in numerous practical applications. Key findings show that chitosan removed more than 90% of solids and more than 95% of residual oil from palm oil mill effluents. Chitosan reduced efficiently the turbidity of agricultural wastewater and of seawater, below 0.4 NTU for the latter. 99% turbidity removal and 97% phosphate removal were observed over a wide pH range using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride grafted onto carboxymethyl chitosan. Chitosan also removed 99% Microcystis aeruginosa cells and more than 50% of microcystins. Here, we review advantages and drawbacks of chitosan as bioflocculant. Then, we present examples in water and wastewater treatment, sludge dewatering and post-treatment of sanitary landfill leachate.
Chitosan flocculation of cardboard-mill secondary biological wastewater
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009
Flocculation is a common secondary treatment procedure for the removal of suspended solids, colloids and organic matter present in industrial wastewater. In the present study, the flocculation of cardboard industry wastewater, treated by a biological process in an aerated lagoon, was examined using commercial grade polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and chitosan (CHITO) dissolved in acetic acid as flocculating agents. A series of flocculation jar-tests was conducted under different conditions. The influence of the flocculant dosage and the temperature of the lagoon on the quality of the treated wastewater was investigated. Optimum temperature for PAC was in the range 13-21 • C for a dosage of 0.3-0.4 mL L −1 but the results were highly temperature-dependent; PAC lowered chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 40-45% and turbidity by 55-60%. With CHITO, the process was more efficient than with PAC for an effective dosage of 7 mL L −1 and no influence of temperature was observed. Chitosan lowered the COD by over 80% and turbidity by more than 85%. It generated bigger flocs making settling faster than with PAC. It also removed residual colour and led to a significant decrease in the amount of heavy metals present in the effluent.
Chitosan for Direct Bioflocculation Processes
Sustainable agriculture reviews, 2019
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PLOS ONE, 2022
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed water. Cloth filtration is often employed in rural and developing communities of South Asia for point-of-use water treatment, but bacteria and viruses are too small for efficient removal by this filtration method. Chitosan is a biodegradable, cationic, organic polymer derived from the chemical treatment of chitin that acts as a coagulant and flocculant of contaminant of microbes and other particles in water, thereby facilitating filtration of microbes. This research 1) evaluated the use of chitosan acetate as a pre-treatment coagulation-flocculation process followed by cloth filtration for microbial reductions and 2) assessed floc particle size under three stirring conditions. E. coli KO11 bacteria and MS2 coliphage virus removals were quantified using culture-based methods. Chitosan acetate coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment of water, followed by cloth filtration, met or exceeded the ...
Bioengineering
Food industry effluents represent one of the major concerns when it comes to environmental impact; hence, their valorization through different chemical and biological routes has been suggested as a possible solution. The vast amount of organic and inorganic nutrients present in food industry effluents makes them suitable substrates for microbial growth. This study suggests two valorization routes for whey as dairy industry effluent and flotation wastewater from the wine industry through microbial conversion to biocontrol agents as value-added products. Cultivations of the biocontrol strain Bacillus sp. BioSol021 were performed in a 16 L bioreactor to monitor the bioprocess course and investigate bioprocess kinetics in terms of microbial growth, sugar substrate consumption and surfactin synthesis, as an antimicrobial lipopeptide. The produced biocontrol agents showed high levels of biocontrol activity against mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, followed by a significant redu...
Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes – An eco-friendly approach
European Polymer Journal, 2009
Chitosan is a partially deacetylated polymer obtained from the alkaline deacetylation of chitin, a biopolymer extracted from shellfish sources. Chitosan exhibits a variety of physico-chemical and biological properties resulting in numerous applications in fields such as cosmetics, biomedical engineering, pharmaceuticals, ophthalmology, biotechnology, agriculture, textiles, oenology, food processing and nutrition. This amino-biopolymer has also received a great deal of attention in the last decades in water treatment processes for the removal of particulate and dissolved contaminants. In particular, the development of chitosan-based materials as useful coagulants and flocculants is an expanding field in the area of water and wastewater treatment. Their coagulation and flocculation properties can be used to remove particulate inorganic or organic suspensions, and also dissolved organic substances. This paper gives an overview of the main results obtained in the treatment of various suspensions and solutions. The effects of the characteristics of the chitosan used and the conditions in solution on the coagulation/flocculation performance are also discussed.
Dairy Wastewater Treatment Using Low Molecular Weight Crab Shell Chitosan
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series E, 2012
The investigation of possible use of low molecular weight crab shell chitosan (MW 20 kDa) in the treatment of dairy waste water was studied. Various experiments have been carried out using batch adsorption technique to study the effects of the process variables, which include contact time, stirring speed, pH and adsorbent dosage. Treated effluent characteristics at optimum condition showed that chitosan can be effectively used as adsorbent in the treatment of dairy wastewater. The optimum conditions for this study were at 150 mg/l of chitosan, pH 5 and 50 min of mixing time with 50 rpm of mixing speed. Chitosan showed the highest performance under these conditions with 79 % COD, 93 % turbidity and 73 % TSS reduction. The result showed that chitosan is an effective coagulant, which can reduce the level of COD, TSS and turbidity in dairy industry wastewater. Keywords Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Á Coagulation Á Crab shell chitosan Á Dairy effluent
Influence of Effluent Type on the Performance of Chitosan as a Coagulant
2014
The use of chitosan as a bio-polymeric coagulant has continued to attract interest in water treatment due to its biodegradability and non-toxicity. Its ability to treat effluents of high organic content has been investigated in some food processing industries. The focus of the present study is to compare results of the use of chitosan in the treatment of effluent from a Sugar Processing Plant (SPP), with those obtained from the treatment of wastewater from a Milk Processing Plant (MPP) and from a Brewery Processing Plant (BPP), in order to determine the influence of effluent type on the impurities removal efficiency. The treatment of the MPP provided the best removal efficiency (99% suspended solids removal and 70% COD removal) in comparison to the SPP (98% suspended solids removal and 11% COD removal) and BPP (95% suspended solids removal and 50% COD removal). The optimum pH value varied as a function of the type of effluent with BPP= 4.5, SPP = 4.5 and MPP =7. The results indicate...
Isolation and screening of microorganisms for chitosan production
International Journal of Chemical Studies
Chitosan is a cationic linear biopolymer that is produced by deacetylation of chitin by chitin deacetylase. This enzyme hydrolyses acetamido groups of N-acetyl glucosamine in chitin. Chitosan has immense potential especially in the field of agriculture, food and pharmaceuticals. In most of the countries, commercial exploitation of chitosan is predominantly done by conversion of chitin to chitosan by treating shellfish waste with alkali. The biological methods for extraction of chitosan were used as alternative for chemical methods. In the present study, 18 morphologically different fungal isolates, 17 bacteria and 3 actinomycete were isolated from soil and water samples. Out of these 38 strains, six isolates of fungi, two bacterial isolates and one actinomycete showed positive results by production of yellow color in the chitin agar media supplemented with p-nitroacetanilide as indicator.
28TH RUSSIAN CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN NATURAL SCIENCES, 2020
The increase in poultry meat production led to an increase in feed demand. On the other hand, poultry industry produces feather waste which composes 5-7 wt% of the total body weight. Feed diversification by utilizing feather waste can be an alternative to overcome the problem of the high price of feed and to reduce environmental waste. The use of feather as a feed has a disadvantage because of the low digestibility of feather waste. The strategy to increase the digestibility of feather waste is to deliver keratinolytic bacteria to poultry intestine using immobilization technique. The purpose of this study was to determine the sodium alginate and chitosan concentration of immobilant with the highest number of released cell in poultry digestive system simulation. Bacillus sp. SLII-I as keratinolytic bacteria was able to increase soluble protein in feather meal liquid medium by 117.69% (wt/v). The composition of sodium alginate (2% w/v) and chitosan (0,8% w/v) was the most effective in delivering bacteria to poultry intestine as much as 2.54x10 7 CFU per gram bead in digestive system simulation.
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2017
− Chitosan is a promising flocculant for microalgae harvesting, but its scale-up application is not economically supported yet. Low solubility of chitosan in microalgae suspension demands high dosage (as a flocculant) to destabilize the cells, and thus, increases the cost of microalgae harvesting. This study identifies efficient solvents for the chitosan, and optimizes the concentration of solvents and chitosan dose to improve the harvesting efficiency. Chitosan was dissolved in different acids, and subsequently used as a flocculant. The flocculant efficacy was measured in terms of harvesting efficiency and reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the microalgae suspension. It was found that chitosan dissolved in 0.05 M HCl showed the highest harvesting efficiency (89 ± 0.87%) at only 30 mg/L of dosage. In comparison, 270 mg/L of FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O was required to attain 86 ± 0.083% of the harvesting efficiency. H 2 SO 4 dissolved chitosan required high flocculant dose (150 mg/L) an...
International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research
Agricultural wastes are available in large volumes at low cost and have been considered promising sustainable resources for the synthesis of many biopolymers. The agro-industrial waste products such as paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, and potato peel waste can serve as economical nutritional sources for the cultivation of fungi. Our studies revealed that the growth media supplemented with agroindustrial waste @ 1% paddy straw +1% glucose (w/v) the yield of chitosan (0.315 g/100 ml) was increased. The fungal isolates (Aspergillus flavus strain AF211) showed maximum chitosan production in submerged fermentation (0.533 g/10g paddy straw) as compared to solid state fermentation (0.182 g/10g paddy straw). Therefore, mass production of chitosan from Aspergillus flavus strain AF211 was carried out by submerged fermentation in a bioreactor (BioFlo R 120) and the yield of chitosan was found to be 5.37 g/l. Further, the chitosan extracted from fungi was estimated for an 88.5% degree of deacetylation.
Use of Chitosan as Coagulant to Treat Wastewater from Milk Processing Plant
Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2006
Chitosan is a natural high molecular polymer made from crab, shrimp and lobster shells. When used as coagulant in water treatment, not like aluminum and synthetic polymers, chitosan has no harmful effect on human health, and the disposal of waste from seafood processing industry can also be solved. In this study the wastewater from the system of cleaning in place (CIP) containing high content of fat and protein was coagulated using chitosan, and the fat and the protein can be recycled. Chitosan is a natural material, the sludge cake from the coagulation after dehydrated could be used directly as feed supplement, therefore not only saving the spent on waste disposal but also recycling useful material. The result shows that the optimal result was reached under the condition of pH 7 with the coagulant dosage of 25 mg/l. The analysis of cost-effective shows that no extra cost to use chitosan as coagulant in the wastewater treatment, and it is an expanded application for chitosan.
Economic microbiological conversion of agroindustrial wastes to fungi chitosan
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
To investigate the simultaneous influence of different non-nutritional factors in production and physical-chemical characteristics of chitosan obtained by Syncephalastrum racemosum we used individually agroindustrial wastes as the only nutritional sources for fungus growth. The growth conditions were evaluated according to Factorial Design, 2 4 with three central points in order to determine the mainly factors for maximum production of microbiological chitosan in submerged culture. Syncephalastrum racemosum grown in corn steep liquor and yield up to 7.8 g chitosan/kg of substrate in the best condition by factorial design. The microbiological chitosan obtained has deacetilation degree 88.14%, crystallinity rate of 55.96%, mass decomposition process at 304.43 ºC, and low molecular weight. To fast production we performed a kinetic study and confirmed that at 36 h the chitosan production is higher and the physical-chemical characteristics were maintained. This research describes, for the first time, the factorial study of chitosan production by Syncephalastrum racemosum in agroindustrial wastes and its economic potential for commercialization.
Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2021
Now-a-days, seafood processing industries produce large amount of waste like skin, tail, shells, etc. These waste products may often encompass many important bioactive and industrially important products. If this waste is not managed properly it leads to negative impact on earth's environment. Chitin is a linear polysaccharide of the amino sugar N-acetyl glucosamine. It is present in the extracellular matrix of a variety of invertebrates including sponges, molluscs, nematodes and arthropods and fungi. Chitosan is a modified, natural biopolymer derived by deacetylation of chitin, a major component of the shells of crustacean. Recently, chitosan has made its prominent place in pharmaceutical, medical, biomaterial and food industry. Use of chitosan in food industry is readily seen due to its several distinctive biological activities and functional properties. The antimicrobial activity and film-forming property of chitosan make it a potential source of food preservative or coating material of natural origin. This review focuses on the extraction of chitin from seafood waste produced by seafood processing industry using microorganisms, converting chitin to chitosan, and using chitosan as a preservative agent to improve shelf life and quality of dairy products.
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2005
Chitin was produced by fermenting shrimp heads and shells with Lactobacillus plantarum 541 in a drum reactor with an internal volume of 3 dm 3. The crude chitin yield from heads and shells was 4.5 and 13% respectively, comparable to the values obtained by the chemical method. For shrimp heads 83% deproteination and 88% demineralisation and for shrimp shells 66% deproteination and 63% demineralisation were achieved. The liquor obtained in both cases was of good sensory quality with a high content of essential amino acids and therefore with potential to produce protein powder for human consumption. The crude chitin was refined and converted to chitosan using 12.5 M NaOH. The chitosan obtained had a residual ash and protein content below 1%, a solubility of more than 98%, a viscosity in the range 50-400 cP and a degree of deacetylation of 81-84%. The molecular weight was in the range (0.8-1.4) × 10 6 Da. IR analysis indicated that the chitosan obtained through fermentation was similar to that obtained by the chemical method.
Biological Extraction of Chitosan from Aquatic Biowaste-A Low Cost Technology
The shrimp industry generates a huge amount of shell waste which usually cause environmental pollution. This waste can be utilized as an economic source of chitin and chitosan. Chitin is the second most abundant renewable natural source following cellulose and the main source of chitin is crustacean waste. Chitosan which is a derivative of chitin after the process of deacetylation has multiple of commercial and possible medical uses based on its degree of deacetylation. Keeping in view of its significance, the present study is aimed to extract chitosan by using chemical and biological methods from aquatic waste like shells of shrimp, crab and fish scales and to characterize the chitosan quality which includes parameters like ash, moisture, protein and lipid content and degree of deacetylation (DDA). Biological method of chitosan extraction from crustacean shells is an advanced and new ecofriendly technique which involves extraction of long chain carbohydrate polymer chitin by using marine fungi and it produces a good quality end product. Among the three aquatic biowaste materials selected, maximum quantity of chitin (474.66±25.02%) and chitosan (441.00±26.52%) were obtained from shrimp shell waste through biological extraction and consist of relatively low contents of protein (7.9±0.44%), fat (3.2±0.09%), moisture (1.7±0.08%) and ash (1.2±0.02%) on a dry basis compared to chitosan obtained from chemical extraction. Biologically extracted shrimp chitosan appeared to have superior quality than chitosan derived from crab shells and fish scales. Further, utilisation of shrimp shell waste for the production of these kind of valuable biopolymers give more economical and biological advantages along with reduction of environmental pollution.