Chronological Complexes of the Iron and Middle Ages in the Trans-Urals (Based on the Materials of the Papskoe Settlement) (original) (raw)
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2023
The article considers the chronology issues of two cultural traditions in the Southern Trans-Ural Bronze Age that poorly provided with radiocarbon dates. Stratigraphy and a set of artifacts (mainly ceramics) made it possible to reveal two stages in the history of the Konoplyanka 2 settlement (Srubnaya–Alakul and Cherkaskul). A series of thirteen samples includes one statistical hearth refuse, nine Srubnaya–Alakul and three Cherkaskul dates. Using the methods of Bayesian statistics, a two-phase chronological model was created, the chronology of the stages was determined and the duration for each of them was established. Srubnaya–Alakul phase falls on the XVIII century calBC (medians of boundary intervals), Cherkaskul phase fits to the XVII–XVI centuries calBC. The chronological gap between the phases is more than half a century. The new data correlate well with the regional periodization system. Srubnaya–Alakul dates belong to the post-Sintashta period, and Cherkaskul ones precede the Mezhovka–Sargary period. However, Cherkaskul series of AMS dates entirely refers to the steppe part of the culture area, so the conclusions cannot be extrapolated to other regions; therefore, the question of the origin of this culture remains open.
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2020
A. A. Chizhevsky, A. A. Khisiametdinova Defensive Structures of the Cusp Settlements of the Volga-Kama Region in the Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages The monograph is dedicated to the fortifications of the cusp settlements of the Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages in the Volga-Kama region. The characteristic features of these structures, which included a rampart and a moat, consist in the use of terrain for the construction of fortifications, and their location on cusps. Cusp settlements, as they appeared in the early Iron Age, existed for almost two thousand years from the 9th century BC until the 7th/8th centuries AD. This time period, along with the development of the armament complex, is characterized by the development of construction technology, and a gradual departure from landscape binding, as the shape and number of shafts was changing. The cusp settlement building tradition of the Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages was only interrupted in the late Migration Period. The fortifications which replaced them developed on the basis of other traditions and under the influence of the established state institutions of Volga Bolgaria.
2019
The article considers the understudied issue of medieval Ishtyak ethnic community of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, which participated in the formation of the Tatar population of the Perm Urals and Trans-Urals (Western Siberia), and the Bashkirs in the same area. As a result of the study, the author formulated a concept of the Ugric ethnic origins of the medieval “Ostyak” ethnic community of the North-Western Ural region, which was, however, strongly influenced in later periods by the Turks of different origins (Bolgars, Kimaks and Golden Horde groups, including Nogais and Shiban (Tyumen) Tatars). The further differentiation of this community into Tatars (Perm, Ufa and Siberian) and Bashkirs was associated with the administrative and territorial transformations of the 16th-17th centuries, as well as the characteristic features of the ethnocultural development of the Turkic population in different zones of the Ural-West Siberia area.
2018
The publication features a brief summary and results of the conference “Archaeology of the Late Middle Ages and Modern Time in the Ural-Volga Region: from Archaeological Sources to Historical Reconstructions” held in Ufa on May 17-18, 2018. It was organized by R.G. Kuzeev Institute for Ethnological Studies, Ufa Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Research and Production Center for Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites in the Kirov Region. A wide range of topics related to the study of the New Time archeology of the Ural-Volga region was discussed. The participants considered the issues of chronology and periodization of the “late” archeology of the region, development of the traditions of ceramic and leather industries, transformation of construction technologies, characteristics of the funerary rite, study and preservation of the cultural layer in the territory of contemporary megacities and historical settlements. Particular attention was paid to the issue of state protection of archaeological heritage sites of the 16th - early 20th centuries.
2021
The paper features the information on Selek fortified settlement discovered in 2003 in the Bashkir Trans-Urals (the eastern foothills of the Irendyk ridge, on the left bank of the Urgaz river, the right tributary of the Ural River; in the Baimaksky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan according to the contemporary administrative division). According to its architectural attributes, the monument belongs to the so-called “Arkaim type” and dates from different periods of the Bronze Age (Sintashta, Alakul and Sargary cultures). It consists of two squares – circular and rectangular, marked with ramparts up to 1 meter high and 5-7 meters wide. Regarding the circular part, it is assumed that there were radially located dwellings (the so-called “residential walls”), and concerning the rectangular part, a linear layout of the internal space has been traced. Based on an analysis of the information obtained in the exploration shaft, a preliminary conclusion was made about the difference in timing between the circular and rectangular parts of the settlement. It has been shown that the area of fortified settlements of this type (the so-called “Country of towns”) should be significantly expanded to the west, and its western border should be drawn along the edge of the mountainous area of the Southern Urals. On the basis of a comparative landscape analysis, a justification of the attribution of the Bronze Age sites in this area to a narrow and highly humid strip along the eastern slope of the Irendyk ridge was identified, in terms of which they fundamentally differ from the later sites of the Early Iron Age located in mountain valleys.