Anti-diabetic Therapies, Strategies for Diabetes Management, and Advancement in Drug Delivery Systems: A Review (original) (raw)

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) stands as a prominent metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin activity and/or secretion, leading to various pathological complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular issues. This review delves into the intricacies of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), exploring its sub-types, conventional treatment modalities, and the emerging role of nanotechnology in revolutionizing drug delivery for improved therapeutic outcomes. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus manifests through aberrations in insulin dynamics, leading to hyperglycemia and subsequent tissue damage. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for devising effective therapeutic strategies. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus is broadly categorized into Type 1 and Type 2, each with distinct etiological factors and treatment approaches. Type 1 DM necessitates insulin replacement therapy, whereas Type 2 DM is primarily managed through oral hypoglycemic agents. Insulin replacement therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for Type 1 DM. It involves administering exogenous insulin to mimic the physiological insulin secretion that is deficient in individuals with T1DM. This aims to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range to prevent acute as well as long-term complications. Drug therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : The pharmacological armamentarium for Type 2 DM includes Insulin Secretagogues, Biguanides, Insulin Sensitizers, α-Glucosidase Inhibitors, Incretin Mimetics, Amylin Antagonists, and SGLT2 Inhibitors. The Complex pathophysiology of DM demands innovatives therapeutic approaches to enhance drug efficacy and patient adherence. Nanotechology offers promising solutions by enabling targeted drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and reduced dosing frequency. Clinical Implications and Future Perspectives Nanotechnology holds immense potential in revolutionizing diabetes management by addressing the limitations of conventional therapies and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Future research endeavors should focus on translational studies to validate the clinical utility of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. In Conclusion, the integration of nanotechnology into Diabetes management offers a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches, promising targeted drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and enhanced patient outcomes. Continued research and development in this field are imperative to realize the full potential of nanotechnology in combating the global burden of Diabetes Mellitus. In this article, we endeavor to delve into the pathophysiolgy of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), traditional treatment methods for both Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM) diabetes, alongside innovative drug delivery strategies for managing Diabetes Mellitus.