Effect of novel mutations in androgen receptor upon molecular mechanisms (original) (raw)

The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors activated by phosphorylation and dimerization by hormone binding. Several functions are attributed for AR, like male sex development, regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation in target tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of mutations p.Pro695Ser, p.Ser759Tre, p.Leu768Val, p.Cys806Phe+ p.Gln798Glu, p.Leu830Phe, p.Ile898Phe and p.Pro904Arg upon AR transactivation activity. All mutations studied here are located in the hormone-binding domain and were identified in patients with different degrees of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) by AR gene sequencing. Mutations in this domain can result in the impairment of androgen ligation, but there are cases that it does not affect the binding but interfere with the interaction between the amino and carboxi-terminal domains (N/C terminal), important step for receptorbinding stabilization. Thus, both functions have been studied in this work. To evaluate the ability of AR transactivation of mutant proteins, the site-directed mutagenesis assay was performed on full-length cDNA, followed by transfection and expression in mammalian cells. The analysis of transactivation of a reporter gene with different dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations was performed. The analysis of N/C-terminal interactions for each mutant AR was performed by two-hybrid mammalian assay. The mutation p.Pro695Ser reveled transactivation activities of 85% and 82% in transactivation assays with the fulllength cDNA and two hybrid assay, respectively, at DHT physiological values (approximately 1 nM). The activities reached normal values at high DHT concentrations, indicating a low effect on gonadal activity. However, in low DHT concentrations, the transactivation activity decays to less than 50% in both experiments, which may affect AR functions in non-gonadal tissues. This mutation was considered "mild" and corresponds perfectly to the male phenotype of the patient who presented with gynecomastia, but with preserved fertility. With 1 nM hormone, the p.Ser759Tre, p.Leu830Phe, p.Ile898Phe mutations showed transactivation activity higher than 20%, the response increased with higher DHT concentrations. However, in N/C interaction assays, those mutations showed different results. The p.Ile898Phe revealed a complete disruption in N/C interaction at all hormone concentrations; the p.Ser759Tre and p.Leu830Phe showed positive response with the increasing in DHT concentrations and reached 50% and 250% of the transcriptional