Near infrared spectroscopy in the forest products industry (original) (raw)
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Assessing Trees, Wood and Derived Products with near Infrared Spectroscopy: Hints and Tips
Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 2016
Wood is a renewable and valuable resource for a variety of end-use application areas. However, rapid and reliable assessments are needed to identify the quality of the tree, timber or wood product at all stages of production and processing. The ideal technology for assessing wood and wood products must provide reliable data, be user-friendly, cost-competitive and provide a rapid analysis. The ultimate application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of wood or wood products is to substitute for costly and time-consuming reference measurements in order to aid process optimisation or determine properties and genetic traits on large numbers of individual samples. Increased interest in the application of NIR spectroscopy in various research fields including wood is observed nowadays. A vast number of publications highlight the potential of NIR spectroscopy for the characterisation of wood in a broad area of uses. The Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy has published two special issues ...
Challenges in the use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for improving wood quality: A review
Forest Systems
Aims of study: Forestry-related companies require quality monitoring methods capable to pass a large number of samples. This review paper is dealing with the utilization of near infrared (NIR) technique for wood analysis.Area of study: We have a global point of view for NIR applications and characterization of different kind of wood species is considered.Material and methods: NIR spectroscopy is a fast, non-destructive technique, applicable to any biological material, demanding little or no sample preparation. NIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis serve well in laboratories where the conditions are controlled. The main challenges to NIR spectroscopy technique in field conditions are moisture content and portability.Results: In this review, the methods and challenges for successfully applying NIR spectroscopy in the field of wood characterization are presented. Portable equipment need to record NIR spectra with low noise and low sensitivity to temperature and humidity variations...
Rapid Prediction of Basic Wood Properties by Near Infrared Spectroscopy*
2006
The optimal utilisation of a wood raw material is dependent on the wood properties. In this study near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to nondestructively predict density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture for small clear specimens cut from Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) trees. NIR spectra were recorded directly on the wood surface of each specimen as close as possible to the fracture developed during the bending test. Models were calibrated using partial least squares regression. The validation method was test set validation by data splitting. The correlation between predicted and measured values was highest for modulus of elasticity (0.86), followed by modulus of rupture (0.84) and density (0.79). The validation of the models showed that the average accuracies of predictions were 20.3 kg/m3 for density, 1.1 GPa for modulus of elasticity, and 6.1 MPa for modulus of rupture. Results are comparable to what has been found for other tree species, such as Pinus...
Comparison of Methods for Estimating Mechanical Properties of Wood by NIR Spectroscopy
Journal of Spectroscopy, 2018
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid alternative to traditional methods of wood property assessment. For organizations who assess wood properties on a large scale, multisite, multispecies calibrations are of practical interest. We examined NIR spectroscopy for the estimation of density (at 12% moisture content), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) using clear wood samples obtained from several pine species (Pinus caribaeavar. bahamensis, var.hondurensis, and var. caribaea, P.chiapensis,P.maximinoi,P.oocarpa,P.taeda, andP.tecunumanii). We compared different methodologies for collecting spectra, that is, benchtop instrument versus benchtop fiber-optic probe and field portable fiber-optic probe, and different wood surfaces (radial and transverse). Calibrations based on the benchtop instrument were superior to those obtained using the fiber-optic probe systems. Difficulty with adequately representing the sample when collecting spectra using a fiber-opt...
Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Estimating Wood Basic Density
Cerne, Lavras, 2009
ABSTRACT: Wood basic density is indicative of several other wood properties and is considered as a key feature for many industrial applications. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, efficient technique that is capable of estimating that property. However, it should be ...
A review of band assignments in near infrared spectra of wood and wood components
Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 2011
Near infrared (NIR) spectra of wood and wood products contain information regarding their chemical composition and molecular structure. Both influence physical properties and performance, however, at present, this information is under-utilised in research and industry. Presently NIR spectroscopy is mainly used following the explorative approach, by which the contents of chemical components and physico-chemical as well as mechanical properties of the samples of interest are determined by applying multivariate statistical methods on the spectral data. Concrete hypotheses or prior knowledge on the chemistry and structure of the sampleexceeding that of reference data-are not necessary to build such multivariate models. However, to understand the underlying chemistry, knowledge on the chemical/functional groups that absorb at distinct wavelengths is indispensable and the assignment of NIR bands is necessary. Band assignment is an interesting and important part of spectroscopy that allows conclusions to be drawn on the chemistry and physico-chemical properties of samples. To summarise current knowledge on this topic, 70 years of NIR band assignment literature for wood and wood components were reviewed. In addition, preliminary results of ongoing investigations that also led to new assignments were included for discussion. Furthermore, some basic considerations on the interactions of NIR radiation with the inhomogeneous, anisotropic and porous structure of wood, and what impact this structure has on information contained in the spectra, are presented. In addition, the influence of common data (pre)-processing methods on the position of NIR bands is discussed.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2011
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has high potential as a rapid nondestructive approach to identifying wood species and estimating properties that affect their utilization. This study found that NIRS could differentiate certain wood species groups. True firs (balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.)) could be distinguished from pine and spruce in eastern and western spruce-pine-fir, respectively, more than 95% of the time. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) could be differentiated from amabilis fir (Abies amabilis Douglas ex J. Forbes) in the Hem-Fir species group with about 90% accuracy. Average wood moisture content (MC) of air-dried southern pine and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) samples wood could be estimated by NIRS ±10%-30% at high moisture contents and more accurately (±2%-5%) below 30% MC. Conditioned samples of amabilis fir had predicted MCs within 2%-3% of measured values in the 0%-30% MC range. However, the broad applicability and response of NIRS to a number of factors may be its greatest weakness, since measurements for a specific response, such as MC or species differentiation, may be confounded by the effects of other variables, such as surface roughness and localized density differences. It is recommended that instrumentation with a relatively large probe (large illumination area) be used to average such variables in the sample.