Physical Activity and Alzheimer Disease: A Protective Association (original) (raw)
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Physical Activity and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review
Aging and disease
Although age is a dominant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), epidemiological studies have shown that physical activity may significantly decrease age-related risks for AD, and indeed mitigate the impact in existing diagnosis. The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review on the preventative, and mitigating, effects of physical activity on AD onset, including genetic factors, mechanism of action and physical activity typology. In this article, we conducted a narrative review of the influence physical activity and exercise have on AD, utilising key terms related to AD, physical activity, mechanism and prevention, searching the online databases; Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, and, subsequently, discuss possible mechanisms of this action. On the basis of this review, it is evident that physical activity and exercise may be incorporated in AD, notwithstanding, a greater number of high-quality randomised controlled trials are needed, moreover, physical activity typology must be acutely considered, primarily due to a dearth of research on the efficacy of physical activity types other than aerobic.
Physical Activity in Preventing Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline: A Narrative Review
A large body of epidemiological and experimental data exploring the relationship between physical activity (PA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are now available. Despite observational evidence supporting a role for PA in delaying the onset of AD, randomised controlled trials have reported mixed findings, likely due to the heterogeneity in study cohorts, outcome measures, and the adopted PA intervention. The primary objective of this narrative review is to evaluate the extant evidence on the relationship between PA, cognitive decline and AD in older populations. The interaction between PA and the putative mechanisms underlying AD progression, including genetic factors and amyloid-b levels will be explored. In this context, particular attention will be given to studies assessing PA in the early clinical and preclinical, asymp-tomatic stages of AD. Based on current evidence, clinical considerations for implementation of exercise-based interventions are discussed, along with limitations of previous research and directions for future studies.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in adults worldwide, is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disorder characterized by the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors and the dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and cellular/molecular pathways. The introduction of the systems biology framework is revolutionizing the study of complex diseases by allowing the identification and integration of cellular/molecular pathways and networks of interaction. Here, we reviewed the relationship between physical activity and the next pathophysiological processes involved in the risk of developing AD, based on some crucial molecular pathways and biological process dysregulated in AD: (1) Immune system and inflammation; (2) Endothelial function and cerebrovascular insufficiency; (3) Apoptosis and cell death; (4) Intercellular communication; (5) Metabolism, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity; (6) DNA damage and repair; (7) Cytoskeleton and mem...
Exercise plays a preventive role against Alzheimer's disease
Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2010
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the elderly population. It is predicted that the incidence of AD will be increased in the future making this disease one of the greatest medical, social, and economic challenges for individuals, families, and the health care system worldwide. The etiology of AD is multifactorial. It features increased oxidative state and deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of protein tau in the central cortex and limbic system of the brain. Here we provide an overview of the positive impacts of exercise on this challenging disease. Regular physical activity increases the endurance of cells and tissues to oxidative stress, vascularization, energy metabolism, and neurotrophin synthesis, all important in neurogenesis, memory improvement, and brain plasticity. Although extensive studies are required to understand the mechanism, it is clear that physical exercise is beneficial in the prevention of AD ...
Physical activity benefits for Alzheimer's disease patients (A Review)
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 2014
Pano, G. (2014). Physical activity benefits for Alzheimer's disease patients. (A Review). J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 9(Proc1), pp.S319-S325. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and degenerative disease which is the main cause for dementia in older adults. It is well known that exercise can reduce the risk level for vascular risk factors, heart diseases (Blair et al., 1996), atherosclerosis (Lakka et al., 2001), stroke (Kurl et al., 2001) and diabetes (Seals et al., 1984; Houmard et al., 1996), diseases that can increase the risk for dementia and AD (Gustafson et al., 2003). Main objective of this study was to review the latest literature recomendations regarding the most appropriate exercise testing, programming and types of physical activity that Alzheimer's disease patients should practice. The search has been made mainly, focusing in PubMed/MEDLINE, for randomized controlled trial studies which used PA intervention as a weapon for delaying or treating symtoms of AD patients. There are clear evidences which shows that AD patients can benefit from all types of occupational PA and have a positive effect on their psycho-social and cognitive functioning. AD patients who engage in PA, also have positive effect in motor abilities, activities of daily life and makes them more independent from others. Further studies for AD patients involving a larger number of subjects and different types of individualised exercise interventional programs are necessary to be conducted.
Impact of Physical Activity on Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomised Controlled Study
Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 2016
To study the effects of physical training on behavior and balance issues in elderly people afflicted with Alzheimer's disease. Method: Forty patients (average age: 80 years old) participated in the study. The individuals were placed into two groups: a control group, which did not participate in any kind of training, and a trained group, which followed an eightweek training program. The training program comprised 2-3 sessions of light physical activity or walking per week; each session had an average duration of 15-55 min. Before (T1) and after (T2) the training program, an assessment of the psychical, psychological, physical, and functional parameters was conducted. Results: Upon completion of the physical training program, there was a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the Tinetti test (T1: 19.5 ± 4.2 s; T2: 20.1 ± 4.1 s), a significant decrease in the completion time of the "get up and go" track for all of the participants (T1: 23.1 ± 8.1 s; T2: 19.5 ± 6.1 s), and a significant reduction in the seriousness of the behavioral issues observed. Conclusion: This preliminary study revealed that physical training had an overall beneficial impact on Alzheimer's patients, especially on their behavior and balance.
The Role of Physical Exercise in Elderly People with Alzheimer's
Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences
Bireyin biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal yönlerinin değiştiği, fizyolojik kapasitesinin azaldığı ve yaşam fonksiyonlarının gerilediği dinamik bir süreci ifade eden yaşlanma, yaşamın temel gerçekliklerinden birisidir. 1 Dünya nüfusu son yüzyılda hızla yaşlanmakta ve nüfus projeksiyonlarına göre yaşlı nüfusun daha da artacağı tahmin edilmektedir. 2 Özellikle ülkemiz gibi yaşlanma sürecinin hızlı olduğu ge-lişmekte olan ülkelerde, demografik yaşlanmanın daha kısa sürede görünür hâle gelmesi, bu döneme ait hastalıkların anlamlı bir artış göstereceği beklentisini ortaya çıkarmıştır. 3 Bunların içerisinde iskemik kalp hastalıkları, serebrovasküler hastalıklar, diabetes mellitus, osteoartrit gibi kas iskelet sistemi hastalıkları, Alzheimer ve diğer demanslar gibi nörolojik hastalıklar yer almaktadır. 4
The Systemic Effects of Exercise on the Systemic Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease
Antioxidants
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The etiology of AD is multifactorial, including an increased oxidative state, deposition of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles of the tau protein. The formation of amyloid plaques is considered one of the first signs of the illness, but only in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, results indicate that AD is not just localized in the brain but is also found in organs distant from the brain, such as the cardiovascular system, gut microbiome, liver, testes, and kidney. These observations make AD a complex systemic disorder. Still, no effective medications have been found, but regular physical activity has been considered to have a positive impact on this challenging disease. While several articles have been published on the benefits of physical activity on AD development in the CNS, its peripheral effects have not been discussed in detail. The provocati...
Protective effects of different exercise modalities in an Alzheimer’s disease-like model
Behavioural Brain Research, 2017
Highlights► Aerobic exercise improves anxiety-like behaviour in an Alzheimer's disease-like model. ► Aerobic, resistance and combined exercises protect from oxidative stress and memory decline. ► Exercise has neurotrophic effects. ► Exercise decreases Aβ burden in developmental stage of Alzheimer's disease-like conditions. Abstract Our aim was to investigate the probable protective effects of aerobic, resistance and combined exercise methods on ovariectomy and D-galactose induced Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-like model. D-galactose (100 mg/kg) or saline were administered intraperitoneally for 6 weeks to ovariectomized or sham-operated rats (n=8/group). Aerobic (AE), resistance (RE) and combined exercises (CE) (aerobic+resistance) were performed for 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Anxiety level and cognitive functions were evaluated via hole-board and object recognition tests. Brain myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide activity, lucigeninenhanced chemiluminescence, glutathione and serum insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) assays were done. Hippocampal mRNA levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and amyloid precursor protein 695 (APP695) were measured. Amyloid Beta (Aβ), NGF, BDNF, IGF-I immunoreactive neurons were evaluated. Freezing time were increased in AD-like model and decreased back with AE (p<0.05). Deteriorated working memory in AD-like model was improved with all exercise types (p<0.05-0.001). Reduced glutathione levels in AD-like model were increased and increased malondialdehyde levels were reduced and serum IGF-I levels were increased by all exercises (p<0.05-0.001). Increased APP mRNA levels in AD-like model were decreased via CE (p<0.05). Elevated Aβ scores in AD-like model were decreased by RE and CE (p<0.01) in hippocampus and by all exercise types in cortex (p<0.05-0.01). Decreased cortical NGF immunocytochemical scores of AD-like model were increased by CE (p<0.05). Different exercise models may have