Biochar production from agricultural waste (corncob) to remove ammonia from livestock wastewater (original) (raw)
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The removal of ammonium ions from synthetic wastewater by novel adsorbents, the biochar powder derived from peanut hulls, rice husk , sunflower seed husk and wheat straw, was investigated. The pore analyses, specific surface area, SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize the surface and reactivity of biochar. The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption isotherms. Adsorption isotherm of ammonium ions using batch technique showed that, at equilibrium conditions, the removal rate was increased linearly with increasing the initial concentration of ammonium ions in water (40 – 2000 mg L-1). After 24 hr of reactions, the averaged amounts of NH4+ removed by different sources of biochar ranged from 39.00 to 77.05 % regardless the type of associated anions (Cl- of SO42-). Sunflower biochar appeared the highest efficiency in NH4-N removal with the initial concentrations of NH4-N (40 and 200 mg L-1) while peanut biochar showed the adsorption peak with the high initial concentrations (400 and 2000 mg L-1). Concentrations of ammonium ions recovered from biochar surfaces represented 0.2 – 0.39% of the total removed NH4+-N and reflected a strong sorption forces owned by surfaces. The characteristics of pore volume, area and size distribution of biochar and tendency to increase the percents of small nano-pores as shown by SEM images may strengthen the removal results. The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The obtained results introduce the tested biochar materials as cost effective adsorbent has a high adsorption capacities and recalcitrant nature to be used in wastewater treatments
Sustainability
The aim of this work was to compare the performance of biochar from various food processing wastes of different origin for the removal of different nutrients from water. Eggshells (EGS), rice husk (RH), and coffee biochars were pyrolyzed at 400 and 800 °C and were examined for the removal of phosphates, nitrates, and ammonia nitrogen. The raw materials were also modified with magnesium chloride in order to investigate their sorption behavior. The highest sorption capacity (qmax) for phosphates and ammonium was observed with EGS pyrolyzed at 800 °C and was 11.45 mg PO43−-P/g and 11.59 mg NH3-N/g, while the highest nitrates sorption capacity was observed with the magnesium-modified RH pyrolyzed at 800 °C (5.24 mg NO3−-N). The modified EGS biochars pyrolyzed at 800 °C had almost the half the sorption capacity for phosphates and nitrates compared to the unmodified materials. The modification of RH pyrolyzed at 800 °C resulted in higher sorption capacity by 34 and 158% for phosphates and...
DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT
In this study, engineered (chemically modified) biochars (pyrolyzed bamboo biomass) were used for the removal of oxidized and reduced nitrogen species from an aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the prepared materials, such as surface functional groups, elemental composition, morphology, and specific surface area were investigated. The biochar surfaces were covered with Mg and Fe particles. The particles containing Mg and Fe species were observed in the form of nanoflakes within the biochar matrix. The efficiency of nitrate and ammonium removal was examined by sorption studies. The experimental data were fitted with sorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Raduskievich) and with kinetic models. The obtained data presented a higher sorption capacity for nitrate removal in the case of the engineered Fe-biochar and the engineered Mg-biochar compared to unmodified bamboo-based biochar. The maximum sorption capacity of modified samples decreased in the order Fe-biochar (Q e = 10.35 mg g-1), Mg-biochar (Q e = 9.13 mg g-1), and the lowest capacity was found in the unmodified biochar (Q e = 4.41 mg g-1). In the case of ammonium removal, unmodified biochar with maximum sorption capacity (Q e = 12.60 mg g-1), was more efficient than Fe-(Q e = 5.66 mg g-1), and Mg-engineered biochars (Q e = 3.23 mg g-1). The pseudosecond-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model proved to be the most appropriate for the experimental sorption data. In addition, engineered Fe-biochar presented magnetic properties due to the presence of Fe 2 O 3 and therefore, may be easily separated from the reaction mixtures.
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
This review comprehensively describes biochar, the term which is gaining exponential attention nowadays. The technologies to convert the agriculture waste to biochar include slow pyrolysis, flash pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization. Biochar production methods are based on batch processes and continuous processes. Biochar production processes and steps involved are also discussed. Different biochar reactors are also revived, including the continuous type of biochar reactor and microwave pyrolysis reactors. Kinetics of biochar, bio-oil, and syngas production is also revived briefly with kinetic equations. Uses of biochar are comprehensively revived and discussed, including advanced applications such as catalyst production, activated Carbon production, water treatment, soil amendment, etc. All biochar characterization methods are briefly described, including proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, physiochemical analysis, surface analysis, and molecular structure analysis. Factors...
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023
We converted different biochars from nine common feedstock were prepared for aqueous NH4+ adsorption. The biochars were classified into three groups: wood-like (B@A: wood chips, white popinac wood, pinecone), shell-like (B@B: rice husk, longan shell, water caltrop shell), and other agricultural wastes (B@C: corncob, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut fiber). We aimed to characterize the cation exchange capacity (CEC), alkaline metal composition, and other physicochemical properties of biochars and to examine their relation to NH4+ adsorption. Our as-prepared biochars were mesoporous with a large surface area of 142–371 m2/g and highly negatively charged surface (pHzpc of 0.91–1.64). The ash contents and contact angle characterization distinguished the three biochar groups into: hydrophilic, low-ash B@A; super hydrophilic, high-ash B@B; and hydrophobic, mid-ash B@C. Alkaline metals (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) were found up to 40 g/kg, while CEC varied from 27.80 to 292.63 meq/kg. At [NH4+]0 of 15 mM, NH4+ adsorption by biochars was mostly effective at pH∼7, following the order: B@B > B@C > B@A with sorption capacity qe of 0.04–0.15 mmol/g. The adsorption isotherms followed Langmuir model (R2 = 0.95–0.99), indicating the monolayer sorption process. From principle component analysis, we revealed that the ubiquitously-used physicochemical characterization, such as pHzpc, wettability, surface-pore characteristics, carbon and ash contents, presented minor roles in the NH4+-biochar adsorption, with statistically negative or insignificant correlations with qe. By contrast, CEC and alkaline metal contents strongly correlated to qe, with R2 > 0.9, p < 0.05, indicating the predominance of the cation exchange mechanism in this study.
Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 2021
Biochar can alleviate several issues, and it should also be inexpensive to produce. Most biochars have a high pore structure and diverse functional groups that assist in the adsorption process. Due to the attributed properties of biochar, several studies have demonstrated that biochar is getting more attention for its efficiency in facilitating wastewater treatment. However, to ensure the feasibility of biochar in wastewater treatment, the factors involved in the preparation of biochar that influences its characteristics and adsorption capacity must be understood. This study reviews the history, characteristics, factors that influence its yield, production methods, application, and recent development of biochar in wastewater treatment.
Biochar Usage as a Cost-Effective Bio-Sorbent for Removing NH4-N from Wastewater
2013
The removal of ammonium ions from synthetic wastewater by novel adsorbents, the biochar powder derived from peanut hulls, rice husk , sunflower seed husk and wheat straw, was investigated. The pore analyses, specific surface area, SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize the surface and reactivity of biochar. The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption isotherms. Adsorption isotherm of ammonium ions using batch technique showed that, at equilibrium conditions, the removal rate was increased linearly with increasing the initial concentration of ammonium ions in water (40 – 2000 mg L-1). After 24 hr of reactions, the averaged amounts of NH4+ removed by different sources of biochar ranged from 39.00 to 77.05 % regardless the type of associated anions (Cl- or SO42-). Sunflower biochar appeared the highest efficiency in NH4-N removal with the initial concentrations of NH4-N (40 and 200 mg L-1) while peanut biochar showed the adsorption peak with the high initial concentrations (400 and 2000 mg L-1). Concentrations of ammonium ions recovered from biochar surfaces represented 0.2 – 0.39% of the total removed NH4+-N and reflected a strong sorption forces owned by surfaces. The characteristics of pore volume, area and size distribution of biochar and tendency to increase the percents of small nano-pores as shown by SEM images may strengthen the removal results. The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The obtained results introduce the tested biochar materials as cost effective adsorbent has a high adsorption capacities and recalcitrant nature to be used in wastewater treatments.
Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2021
Corncob (CC) is one of the high-yield agricultural by-products used for recycling in many fields. Corncob-based biochar (CCB) is considered a potentially low-cost adsorbent. The article aims to describe the structural and morphological changes of CCB under different pyrolysis temperatures (350oC, 450oC, and 550 oC) and duration (30, 60, and 90 minutes). Using the FTIR, SEM, BET, and BJH analysis, the evolution of the changes in the properties of CCBs was evaluated. FTIR spectra showed that the surface of CCBs contained abundant carbon-containing in functional groups such as an alkane, aromatic ring, are suitable for binding pollutants in solution. It might be concluded that the CCB550/90 can be a potential adsorbent due to possessing the highest surface area (127.295 m2.g-1), total pore volume (0.080 cm3.g-1) and the heterogeneous structure. The preliminary experiment result also showed that CCB550/90 had the highest phosphate adsorption capacity with 9.799 mg.g-1 in the stock solut...
Biochar for Wastewater Treatment—Conversion Technologies and Applications
Applied Sciences, 2020
Biochar as a stable carbon-rich material shows incredible potential to handle water/wastewater contaminants. Its application is gaining increasing interest due to the availability of feedstock, the simplicity of the preparation methods, and their enhanced physico-chemical properties. The efficacy of biochar to remove organic and inorganic pollutants depends on its surface area, pore size distribution, surface functional groups, and the size of the molecules to be removed, while the physical architecture and surface properties of biochar depend on the nature of feedstock and the preparation method/conditions. For instance, pyrolysis at high temperatures generally produces hydrophobic biochars with higher surface area and micropore volume, allowing it to be more suitable for organic contaminants sorption, whereas biochars produced at low temperatures own smaller pore size, lower surface area, and higher oxygen-containing functional groups and are more suitable to remove inorganic cont...
Role of Biochar in Wastewater Treatment and Sustainability
Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants
Biochar is a substitute obtained from the combustion of carbonaceous-rich biomass viz. algal biomass, agricultural and forest residues, manures, etc. (Feng and Zhu 2017; Abbas et al. 2018). Biochar has gained worldwide attention due to its role in soil fertility, bio-energy production, environmental remediation, and carbon sequestration processes (Suliman et al. 2017). It has been observed that biochar has the outstanding ability to immobilize the organic and inorganic contaminants from the soil as well as water environment (Wei et al. 2018). Moreover, it is an economical way to reduce antibiotics, aromatic dyes, and agrochemicals from the environment (Qiao et al. 2018; Dash et al. 2021; Kumar et al. 2021). It thus helps in reducing bioaccumulation, which otherwise leads entering of persistent, non-biodegradable inorganic and organic compounds into the food chain and causes various health problems. This characteristic makes the biochar more popular along with its diverse applications involving adsorption, microporosity, ion exchangeability, etc. (Rehman et al. 2016; Kour et al. 2021). Anthropogenic activities are imposing harmful effects on nature and deteriorating it day by day. Agrochemicals, biomedical waste, and industrial effluents are among Balram Sahu and Anisha Srivastava contributed equally with all other contributors.