A TiO₂ embedded structure for perovskite solar cells with anomalous grain growth and effective electron extraction (original) (raw)

A TiO₂ embedded structure was developed to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells by promoting anomalous grain growth and improving electron extraction. The incorporation of TiO₂ nanoparticles resulted in larger grain sizes and more compact perovskite morphology, which was confirmed through various microscopy techniques. The embedded TiO₂ facilitated efficient electron transport from perovskite layers to the underlying electron transport layer, decreasing recombination losses and increasing stability in ambient conditions.