High Blood Pressure 2016: Why Prevention and Control Are Urgent and Important. The World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension, World Stroke Organization, International Diabetes Foundation, International Council of Cardiovascular Prev (original) (raw)
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HYPERTENSION: A REVIEW OF PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS
International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research, 2023
Hypertension means high pressure in the arteries; it is commonly known as high blood pressure. Blood pressure from 120/80 mmHg to 139/89 mmHg is called pre-hypertension, blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg is considered high. Elevated systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart disease, kidney disease, hardening of the arteries, eye damage and stroke. These complications of hypertension are often called target organ damage, because damage to these organs is the end result of chronic high blood pressure. Most people with hypertension do not have any symptoms in the early stages, symptoms only appear after target organs are damaged. These symptoms are usually due to target organ damage and their manifestations depend on the affected organ. For this reason, regular screening of people with symptoms is essential for early diagnosis, treatment, and control of high blood pressure. Early diagnosis, treatment, and optimal control of hypertension are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality from hypertension-related diseases. A family history of hypertension shows that people with high blood pressure are nearly 6 times more likely to have high blood pressure than people with high blood pressure. People without the disease and those with high income levels are three times more likely to have high blood pressure. The greater the body mass, the more blood is needed to supply oxygen and nutrients to muscles and other tissues. Salt consumption and hypertension Sodium and salt intake remains controversial as a risk factor for hypertension, although it is true that some people are particularly sensitive to sodium. Physical activity and hypertension Inactive adolescents are more likely to have high blood pressure. Excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension.
Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data
Lancet, 2005
Background Reliable information about the prevalence of hypertension in different world regions is essential to the development of national and international health policies for prevention and control of this condition. We aimed to pool data from different regions of the world to estimate the overall prevalence and absolute burden of hypertension in 2000, and to estimate the global burden in 2025.
Objectives:- There are three objectives for this study. Firstly, is to determine the prevalence of moderate risk factors of hypertension. Secondly, is to avoid and delay the development of complications within the next five to ten years. Thirdly, is to educate people at risk and modify their life style to live a better and a healthier life. Study design:- A Randomised (Cross-sectional) study. Settings:The study was conducted in KSA, in the city of Jeddah, at Al-Balad- Historic Jeddah festival during the month of Ramadan. Subjects:- A total of 3231 people (2200 were interviewed and the other 1031 only filled the questionnaire) were investigated. Females were more than males investigated in the study with a percentage of 54.5% for females and 45.5% for males. Saudis were 83% whereas 16.7% were non-Saudis. A (12%) of total respondents had diagnosed with hypertension, in which (85.1%) were Saudis (14.9%), females were (50.4%) and (30.8%) were male with hypertension. Results:- A (12%) of total respondents had diagnosed with hypertension, in which (85.1%) were Saudis (14.9%), females were (50.4%) and (30.8%) were male with hypertension. Of the 3231 participants, there were (30.9%) overweight, (21.0.9%) were obese and (4.9%) were morbidly obese. Regarding the family history of hypertension (20.9%) had no family history and only (31.9%) with a positive family history. Smoking habits were (68.1%) and non-smokers (52.2%). On the other hand, people who practiced exercise were (47.8%) and not exercising were only (17.2%). (10%) of the participants were diagnosed with diabetes mallets, in which (29.3%) of them were overweight, (20%) were obese and (4.7%) morbidly obese. Conclusion:- smokers were more likely to diagnosed with hypertension. (OR=1.41,95%CI=1.12-1.77; P=.003). higher chance to diagnose with hypertension if there was positive family history (OR=1.69,95%CI=1.30-2.19; P=.000). Who don’t drink energy drinks had higher risk (OR=1.04,95%CI=1.02-1.07; P=.003). Diagnosis with hypertension highly correlated with the increment of BMI (P=.000), and also with older population (p=.00). no correlation between exercise frequency and diagnosis of hypertension (p=.085). It was found that there was no significant difference between female and male who were diagnosed with hypertension. The interesting significance we found in this study, many of our participant with hypertension had no positive family history but they were either smokers or morbidly obese or even both risk factors. We must emphasize that management of the modifiable risk factors of hypertension reduces the risk of cardiovascular insult, renal damage, stroke and ischemic heart disease.
Hypertension: A Suffiecient Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases
2021
Hypertension is a risk factor that can lead to cardiovascular diseases. A high or persistent blood pressure level of 140/ 90mmHg is known as hypertension which is divided into further stages. Blood pressure is the pushing force with which the heart pumps blood against the walls of arteries. High blood pressure is a serious medical condition in which the force of blood against wall of an artery is elevated than the normal which is called as hypertension. Recent guidelines of ICD-11 categorizes blood pressure into four levels. In a clinical setting, an average of blood pressure measurements is usually taken by healthcare providers. These categories are labeled as normal blood pressure, elevated blood pressure, stage 1 hypertension and stage 2 hypertension according the blood pressure measurements. Hypertension is associated with cardiovascular diseases which results in cardiovascular diseases related morbidity and mortality. Hypertension for a long-term or chronic elevation of blood p...
American Journal of Hypertension, 1999
Lifestyle factors are critical determinants of blood pressure levels operating against a background of genetic susceptibility. Excess body fat is a predominant cause of hypertension with additive effects of dietary salt, alcohol, and physical inactivity. Controlled trials in hypertensives show blood pressure lowering effects of supplemental potassium, fibre, n-3 fatty acids, and diets rich in fruit and vegetables and low in saturated fats. 64 Some population studies show an inverse relationship between dietary protein and blood pressure levels. Regular coffee drinking raises blood pressure in hypertensives. The role of "stress" remains enigmatic, with "job strain" being a possible independent risk factor for hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1999;12:934 -945
Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations
2004
The impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension was quantified for Finland, Italy, The Netherlands, UK and USA. For this purpose, we combined data of blood pressure (BP) and risk factors distributions in these five countries with BP estimates from randomized controlled trials of dietary and lifestyle factors to obtain population attributable risk percentages (PAR%) for hypertension. Overweight made a substantial contribution to hypertension (PAR%: 11-17%), as was the case for excessive sodium intake (9-17%), low potassium intake (4-17%), physical inactivity (5-13%), and low intake of fish oil (3-16%). PAR% were smaller for low calcium intake (2-8%), low magnesium intake (4-8%), excessive coffee consumption (1-9%) and excessive alcohol intake (2-3%). We conclude that diet and lifestyle have a major impact on hypertension in Western societies. The relative significance of different risk factors varies among populations, which is important for preventive strategies.