Nature and extent of rural women's participation in agricultural and non-agricultural activities (original) (raw)
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Women's Participation in Agriculture in Bangladesh 1988-2008: Changes and Determinants
In Bangladesh, being a traditional Muslim society, women's participation in economic activities in general and in agriculture in particular has remained low. But recent labor force surveys conducted by the Bureau of Statistics show rapidly increasing participation of women in economic activities. The progress is attributed to poverty, empowerment of women by NGOs, and migration of male members from agriculture to non-farm occupation. With the absence of male members, women's role is changing from unpaid family worker to farm managers, a phenomenon termed as " feminization of agriculture ". This paper uses unpublished longitudinal panel data from a nationally representative sample survey in 62 villages conducted in 2000 and 2008 that covered the same households to assess the trend and determinants of women's involvement in agricultural activities. It uses a module on time budget for all adult members for the last four days preceding the survey. The second author was the Principal Investigator in all three surveys. The results show that 66 percent of women participated in agricultural activities in 2008, an increase from 58 percent in 2000. The allocation of time has also increased from 1.11 to 1.28 hours per day although this was less than 1988 level. But the participation was limited to mostly livestock and poultry farming which is a marginal economic activity with allocation of only 0.91 hour of labor per day. The participation in crop farming was low. Only 3.85 percent of the female workers participated in crop farming in 2008, compared to 53 percent for men. But crop farming is a relatively full time activity for them with allocation of 2.92 hours per day in 2008 which has reduced from 4.30 hours per day in 1988. Only about 1 percent of the women participated in the agricultural labor market in 2000 and 2008. Women's participation in agricultural labor market remains insignificant at 1.07 percent of agricultural workers compared to 23% for male workers in 2008. A regression analysis show that women's participation is negatively related with landholding, age after some limit, village level electricity, education of household head, distance of bus stop from village and wage rate in non-agriculture, but positively related with age of female workers, irrigated area of female workers' households, NGO membership of women, remoteness of village and agricultural wage rate in village. Changes in income of the participating and non-participating women laborers' households in agricultural activities, and the determinants of the changes in income are also reported in the paper.
Livelihood pattern of rural women in Bangladesh
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Participation of Rural Women in Farm and Non-Farm Activities : An Economic Analysis
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Rural women are silent workers and major contributors to rural economy. Their economic contributions are often appreciated but not widely recognized. The purpose of the study was to make the participation of rural women in farm and non-farm activities visible and their contribution in generating household income. Data were collected from a purposively-drawn sample of 60 rural households consisting of 20 low, 20 medium and 20 high income households. The obtained data were analyzed by using tabular and statistical techniques. Women of these three categories contributed to Tk. 19398, 24180 and 20917.50 which were 35.18, 25.11 and 14.20 per cent of total household income respectively. It was evident that, female participation of low and medium income households is markedly higher in non-farm activities than the high income households. The results of the study showed clear evidences of greater extent of womens participation in farm and non-farm activities as well as in various household...
Women in Rural Economy In The Light Of Poverty: Bangladesh Perspective
In case of women participation, it is a process whereby women influence and share control & responsibility over decisions plans and resources that affect them. More than 60 million people of Bangladesh live below the poverty line among them 74% are women. Most of the rural women are deprived to fulfill their basic needs. They become the victims of high mortality, malnutrition, higher illiteracy, sex discrimination, deprivation from getting jobs etc. Through participation of women they can enhance their economic independence leading to their self-esteem and status. This study focused to analysis of women's economic participation in the context of poverty eradication in rural economy. The objectives of this study are to examine effects of women's changing role on poverty eradication, in the economic sphere, facing against the socioeconomic and cultural difficulty to participate in economic affairs and to recognize how women have to respond to poverty conditions in the rural sector.
Progressive participation of women in agriculture is evident throughout the Globe. Their participation in fisheries and livestock sector is well recognized but less perceived due to paucity of sufficient data. Considering this fact the present study had been designed to examine women"s participation in fisheries and livestock activities as well as influence of selected socio-economic factors on their participation in some selected coastal villages of Bangladesh. For achieving research objectives a well structured interview schedule was administered on 70 randomly selected rural women during the period of September, 2010. Descriptive statistics exhibit that almost three quarter of the respondents had moderate to high level participation in fisheries and livestock activities. Among the fisheries related activities women had highest participation in feed application (M=1.528) while cleaning cattle shed (M=2.914) and giving feed to poultry birds (M=4.571) occupied the top ranks for cattle and poultry related activities. According to correlation estimates agricultural knowledge and family size had strong positive correlation with women"s participation where as education and family income had negative significant correlation with women"s participation in fisheries and livestock activities. Stepwise multiple regression mirrored that family size, agricultural knowledge and education jointly contribute to 25.6% variance in women"s participation in fisheries and livestock activities.
Science Innovation, 2015
The study was conducted to determine the socioeconomic characteristics ofthe respondents participating in different agricultural income generating activities, to attain the nature and extent of participation in different Income Generating Activities (IGAs) and find out the relationship between the selected characteristics of the respondents and their opinion in poverty alleviation through IGAs. An interview schedule was used to collect needed information through face to face interview from randomly selected sample size of 125 respondents. The respondents showed remarkable individual differences in their characteristics and majority (84%) of them belonged to young and middle aged category having high literacy rate (86.7%). Most of the respondents' family size was small and medium (90.6%) and having small (96%) farm size. Most of the respondents' (78.7 %) annual income was up to Tk 200000 and they have medium (60%) agricultural knowledge, favourable attitude (78.7%) towards participation in IGAs. Most of the respondents had higher participation (48.1%) in IGAs. The income from IGAs was high (86.7%) and opinion regarding poverty alleviation through IGAs should substantial improvement (65.3%). Education, family size, agricultural knowledge, respondent's attitude, participation in IGAs, income from IGAs were found to have significant relationship with the respondents' opinion on poverty alleviation through IGAS. High price of inputs, frequent absence of members in time, lack of marketing facilities and social sanction for the women for going activities outside homestead were the major problems faced by the respondents.