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The interaction of achievement verbs and grammatical aspect in Persian

Alzahra University, 2021

Aspect refers to "different ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of a situation" (Comrie, 1976, p.3) and consists of lexical and grammatical types. Grammatical aspect is represented by inflection or some auxiliary verbs while lexical aspect is denoted by the inherent meaning of the verbs (Rezai, 2012). The aspectual classification of Vedler (1957), has been one of the most influential theories in lexical aspect studies (Tenny, 1987, p.29; Peck et al., 2013, p. 664; Kanijo, 2019, p.73). Vendler (1957) has classified verbs into four classes named states, activities, achievements, and accomplishments based on their stativity, duration, and telicity. Achievements describe the change of state that occurs instantaneously and creates a new situation (Pavey, 2010, p.97), they have inherent endpoint and are usually regarded as not being used progressively. Two sub-classes of achievements are "culminations" and "happenings". Culminations need some time to occur, for example, to "reach a summit", we have to walk a distance. Happenings lack this preparatory phase and occur instantly, for example, "explode" occurs in a very short time. In previous studies, Persian verbs have been classified to two classes, "achievement" verbs that occur in a short time and have endpoint and "durative" verbs that entails some time to occur (Jahan Panah Tehrani, 1984). Vahidiyan Kamyar (1992) added the third class, named "achievement-durative" verbs that occur in a short time but don't end and extend through time. Abolhassani (2011) has also classified achievements to three sub-classes. Other studies have mostly investigated lexical or grammatical aspect in Persian or in a specific dialect