Age-related changes in immune function (immune senescence) in caries and periodontal diseases: a systematic review (original) (raw)
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The increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease have long been associated with aging, such that this oral condition affects the majority of the adult population over 50 years of age. Although the immune system is a critical component for maintaining health, aging can be characterized by quantitative and qualitative modifications of the immune system. This process, termed 'immunosenescence', is a progressive modification of the immune system that leads to greater susceptibility to infections, neoplasia and autoimmunity, presumably reflecting the prolonged antigenic stimulation and/or stress responses that occur across the lifespan. Interestingly, the global reduction in the host capability to respond effectively to these challenges is coupled with a progressive increase in the general proinflammatory status, termed 'inflammaging'. Consistent with the definition of immunosenescence, it has been suggested that the cumulative effect of prolonged exposure of ...
The aging process and its relation to periodontal conditions
Exploration of immunology, 2023
Periodontal tissue destruction can cause complaints for sufferers. Inflammatory conditions of the gingiva, bleeding gums, and even tooth loss are clinical features of the destruction of the periodontal tissues. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease involving the periodontal tissues. The prevalence of periodontium destruction increases with aging. Changes in innate and adaptive immunity that occur in the elderly also play a role in the severity of periodontitis. "Inflammaging" is a chronic inflammatory state associated with old age in humans. Periodontitis contributes to inflammaging since periodontitis in the elderly is associated with increased markers of systemic inflammation. Age-related changes also affect neutrophil function, especially antimicrobial activity, so neutrophils may become more pathological. After infiltration into the tissue, neutrophils are equipped with several antimicrobial strategies to reduce the number of antigens. Phagocytosis is the ability of neutrophils to engulf and kill microbes, but neutrophil phagocytosis is weakened in the elderly. Age-related changes affecting neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells appear to promote pathogenic immune responses and contribute to the increased prevalence of periodontal disease in aging individuals. Proper regulation of the host immune response is critical in maintaining periodontal health. This paper aims to describe the aging process and its relation to periodontal conditions.
Aging Process Immunity and Its Relation with Periodontal Disease in Genetic Aspect
Proceedings of the International Dental Conference of Sumatera Utara 2017 (IDCSU 2017)
One of the factors that related to biological aging in humans is genetic. The aging process can occur due to genetic accumulation and epigenetic modification that lead to progressive cellular damage and weakened tissue functions that causing limitation of abilities to maintain the balance/ homeostasis. Increased vulnerability to a number of inflammations due to the aging process is closely related to rising in prevalence and severity of periodontitis. The purpose of this paper is to analyze immunity of the aging process and its relation to periodontal disease in genetic aspect. Biological aging is affected by genetic variation that changes several genes that causing changes of several cell functions. Changes in DNA methylation are one of the mechanisms that contribute to the aging process, including the body immune system. Aging process influences both adaptive and innate body immune system. Changes in an immune and genetic system in the aging process could increase the severity of periodontal disease. As a conclusion, periodontal disease is an inflammation that related to aging. In the aging process, there are changes in the immune system that causes elder people more susceptible to periodontal infection. In addition, genetic and epigenetic factors also play a role in periodontal changes in elderly.
Biology
Persistent inflammatory responses in the elderly may act as modifiers on the progression and repair of chronic apical periodontitis lesions (CAPLs). While the involvement of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in inflammatory responses and, particularly, in CAPL has been documented, their expression in elderly patients needs to be further characterized. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CAPL from elderly individuals with young/middle-aged individuals. Thirty CAPL (15 cysts and 15 granulomas) from elderly patients (>60 years) and 30 CAPL (15 cysts and 15 granuloma) from young/middle-aged individuals (20–56 years) were selected. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed against IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. The slides were subdivided into five high-magnification fields and analyzed. The number of positive stains was evaluated for each antibody. There was no significant difference between the cytokines when the cysts and ...
The Oral Cavity and Age: A Site of Chronic Inflammation?
PLoS ONE, 2007
Background. Aging may be accompanied by a low grade chronic up-regulation of inflammatory mediators. A variety of endogenous locally released mediators as well as inflammatory cells have been reported in the human oral cavity. The aim of this investigation was to determine the presence of different classes of inflammatory mediators in human saliva and correlate the levels with age. Methodology and Principal Findings. Unstimulated whole buccal salivary samples were obtained in the morning from 94 healthy volunteers within 30 minutes after waking. None of the participants had taken aspirin in the week prior to the saliva collection. Lysozyme activity, eicosanoid levels (prostaglandin E 2 and leukotriene B 4 ) and MMP-9 activity were measured. The antimicrobial activity (lysozyme activity) was not correlated with age whereas PGE 2 levels were markedly correlated with age (r = 0.29; P,0.05; n = 56). Saliva from healthy subjects (#40 years) compared with data derived from older volunteers (.40 years) demonstrated a significant increase in the mean values for PGE 2 and MMP-9 activity with age. In addition, significant correlations were observed between LTB 4 and PGE 2 (r = 0.28; P,0.05; n = 56) and between LTB 4 levels and MMP-9 activity in smokers (r = 0.78; P,0.001; n = 15). Conclusions/Significance. The presence of significant levels and activity of inflammatory mediators in saliva suggests that the oral cavity of healthy subjects may be in a constant low state of inflammation associated with age.
Ageing, dental caries and periodontal diseases
Journal of clinical periodontology, 2017
To review the burden of caries and periodontitis in the elderly, changes with age that can explain this burden, and the vulnerability to disease of elderly populations. An assessment of surveys in two populations was conducted. Indicators for caries were identified by updating a systematic review. Secular trends for smoking and type 2 diabetes were discussed. Changes in the susceptibility to periodontitis with age may be explained by exposure to pro-inflammatory conditions and changes in the healing capacity of cells and tissues. Due to accumulated periodontal destruction, the number of surfaces at risk for caries increases. The sequels of restorative treatment contribute to an increased susceptibility for caries development. Population-based surveys in the United States and Germany demonstrate a high caries experience among elderly people. A comparison of surveys demonstrates a relative improvement of periodontal health among elderly during the last few decades. Nevertheless, preva...
Salivary Proinflammatory Cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF Decrease With Age
ABSTRACTObjectiveto analyze salivary concentrations interleukin-1β (IL-1β), 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) according to age in healthy subjects to determine baseline inflammatory state of the oral mucosa in elderly subjects, who are at higher risk of developing inflammation-related diseases.Materials and methodssixty-four healthy volunteers were divided into groups according to age: 20-39 (G1; n=20); 40-59 (G2; n=24); 60-80 years (G3; n=20). Their stomatognathic system and periodontal status were assessed; consumption of food sources of fatty acids (FA) was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF salivary levels were determined (ELISA) in mixed unstimulated saliva. Kruskal Wallis and Spearman’s correlation tests were applied (p<0.05).Resultssalivary IL-1β and TNF levels were lower in G2 (p=0.001) and G3 (p<0.001) than in G1; IL-6 levels were lower in G3 than in G2 and G1 (p= <0.001). IL-1β showed the highest concentration in ...
Effect of Aging on Periodontal Inflammation, Microbial Colonization, and Disease Susceptibility
Journal of Dental Research, 2016
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by a biofilm that forms on the tooth surface. Increased periodontal disease is associated with aging. We investigated the effect of aging on challenge by oral pathogens, examining the host response, colonization, and osteoclast numbers in aged versus young mice. We also compared the results with mice with lineage-specific deletion of the transcription factor FOXO1, which reduces dendritic cell (DC) function. Periodontitis was induced by oral inoculation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in young (4 to 5 mo) and aged (14 to 15 mo) mice. Aged mice as well as mice with reduced DC function had decreased numbers of DCs in lymph nodes, indicative of a diminished host response. In vitro studies suggest that reduced DC numbers in lymph nodes of aged mice may involve the effect of advanced glycation end products on DC migration. Surprisingly, aged mice but not mice with genetically altered DC function had greater p...
Effect of Inflammation in the Periodontium in Early Old Age on Mortality at 21-Year Follow-Up
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2000
OBJECTIVES: To analyze whether inflammatory processes in the periodontium in early old age are related to subsequent mortality during 21 years of follow-up in a nondisabled 70-year-old population. SETTING: Community-based population in Copenhagen. DESIGN: The study was based on the Glostrup Aging Study of the 1914 population, with baseline in 1984 when the participants were 70 years old and follow-up 21 years later. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred thirty-five dentate men and women participated in the clinical oral health examination. MEASUREMENTS: Severe periodontal inflammation was measured for all teeth present as the number of teeth with inflammation and periodontal pockets 6 mm deep or more. Mortality data were obtained from the Danish Death Register at 21-year follow-up. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used. Covariates were measured at baseline and included number of teeth, caries, sex, education, income, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, arteriostenosis, myocardial infarction, comorbidity, fatigue, and ability to brush teeth. RESULTS: The analyses showed that severe periodontal inflammation in at least three teeth at age 70 was marginally related to mortality during 21-year follow-up (crude hazard ratio (HR) 5 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5 0.91-1.78). The estimate increased slightly when adjusted for sex, income, fatigue, and smoking (adjusted HR 5 1.37, 95% CI 5 0.97-1.92). The estimates were attenuated when adjusted for the specific diseases, especially arteriostenosis and osteoarthritis.