Carcinogenicity testing of complete human diets in rats (original) (raw)
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Diet and cancer: review of the literature
Acta Medica Scandinavica, 1988
The significance of diet for carcinogenesis* is a complex problem, since neoplastic diseases are known to have a multifactorial aetiology. Carcinogenesis embraces several mutually dependent steps, each with a different latency period, and foodstuffs contain many different chemical compounds. It is considered that factors from the environment, including the diet, are responsible for 80-90% of the forms of cancer in man (1,2). Because of the many interactions in the environment and in the organism, it can never be demonstrated scientifically that a definite substance is not carcinogenic under one circumstance or another.
Food components and diet habits: chief factors of cancer development
Review, 2019
Food is a vital need for everyone. Today, there is food for all, but the world still suffers from under-and over-nutrition and risk of cancer development and chronic diseases can follow both cases. Worldwide, cancer is a leading cause of mortality after cardiovascular disease; it is considered the second reason for death globally. Role of nutritional habits, the quality of food, the consumption of canned foods, genetically modified fruits and vegetables and exposed food to certain pesticides and carcinogens agents, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, alcohol, obesity, and fast-foods consumption may be at risk to the development of some cancers. In recent decades, researchers have carried out attention in this field to improve the quality of life and to limit nutrition problems. Thus, this study aims to summarize current evidence on the relationship between nutritional factors and cancer expansion, how nutrition can be a heal and a source of fatal illness leading to death. In detail, this review will highlight the influence of specific foodstuffs on the threat of cancer incidence and recurrence by providing some examples of most carcinogenic compounds.
Major Types of Cancers Linked to Diet / Dietary Factors
2018
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that a proper diet and a healthy life style can decrease the risk of cancer by up to 70%. The cancers most closely related to nutrition are breast and endometrial cancers in women and prostate and gastrointestinal cancers in men. The review outlines that many anti-oxidants, vitamins, phytochemicals, and other micronutrients in food have cancer preventing effects, while many food additives, pesticide residues and high consumption of charbroiled meat, nitrites, salt, animal fat and trans fatty acids have been associated with increased cancer risk. Most studies with micronutrients in relation to cancer have been conducted with individual compounds. In contrast, our in vitro and in vivo research utilizing over 50 human cancer cell lines demonstrated better anti-cancer efficacy with a synergistic combination of micronutrients rather than individual compounds. Pleiotropic effects of a nutrient combination have been demonstrated in cancer pr...
Analysis of the relationship between nutrition and cancer: Gastronomic options for prevention
The relationships between tumorigenesis and nutrition are difficult to analyse. In addition to the composition of foods, a number of environmental and other factors modify the results of dietary observations. The nutritional factors can also be direct acting carcinogens, promoters and anti-promoters in the process of tumor formation. The most important promoters are excessive energy, high fat and animal protein intake, low fibre intake, and excessive alcohol consumption. The dietary fibre, antioxidant vitamins, antioxidant minerals and other elements play a prominent role among antipromoters in foods. The primary purpose of the manuscript is to analyse these promoters, anti-promoters, and direct acting carcinogens. Furthermore, we prepare and present foods that significantly contribute to a tumor preventive diet and support the active defence of the human body with the help of gastronomic science.
The FASEB Journal, 2014
The typical Western dietary pattern is characterized by the consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and has been linked to increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our research group previously developed the total Western diet (TWD) that emulates typical human dietary intakes of macro-(carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) on an energy density basis for rodents. In the present study, we sought to determine the impact of TWD on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and obesity in comparison to a commercial 45% fat diet used for models of diet-induced obesity (DIO diet) and the standard basal AIN93G diet, which is optimized for rodent health. Also, we included 2 additional test diets to evaluate the contribution of the micronutrient (vitamin-and mineral-modified diet, [VMM]) or macronutrient (macromodified diet [MM]) contents of the TWD in development of cancer, obesity, and glucose intolerance. A chemical carcinogenesis model of inflammation-associated colon cancer was employed to evaluate impact of diets on colon cancer in mice. As expected, Agricultural Experiment Station for this research project.
Carcinogens and cancer preventors in diet
International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, 2014
Cancer is a major burden on the health-care system world-wide not only in the developed countries, but also in the developing countries. Several lines of evidence indicate that diet and nutrition can contribute to human cancer risk. Diet is an important factor in determining cancer incidence in many countries and regions. Diet components relevant to cancer development can be divided into macro-and micro-components. Diet can have both positive and negative effects on carcinogenesis. Several substances in diet such as heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds and alcohols have been associated with increased risk of cancer, whereas certain compounds such as phytochemicals and probiotics have cancer preventing properties. This paper aims to review the carcinogenic and cancer preventive properties of dietary substances and their possible mechanisms of action.
2020
Western-style diets (WD) are associated with greater risk of colon cancer. Exposure to 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP), a food-borne carcinogen, is linked to increased colon cancer risk. In contrast, intake of apiaceous and cruciferous vegetables (APIs and CRUs) is associated with reduced risk. Here we evaluated effects of a WD alone or a WD containing API or CRU, relative to a purified diet (basal), on colon cancer risk in mice. All diets were fed at one of two concentrations of PhIP (100 or 400 ppm). The activity of the hepatic PhIP-activating enzyme, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, was examined at week 4 and colonic precancerous lesions (aberrant crypt foci, ACF) were enumerated at week 12. In low PhIP-fed groups, CYP1A2 activity was greater for CRU than all other groups, which did not differ from one another. WD had a significantly greater effect on the formation of ACF than the basal diet. In groups fed API or CRU, the ACF number was reduced to the level obser...
The current paper provides an analysis of the potential number of cancer cases that might be prevented if half the U.S. population increased its fruit and vegetable consumption by one serving each per day. This number is contrasted with an upper-bound estimate of concomitant cancer cases that might be theoretically attributed to the intake of pesticide residues arising from the same additional fruit and vegetable consumption. The cancer prevention estimates were derived using a published meta-analysis of nutritional epidemiology studies. The cancer risks were estimated using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods, cancer potency estimates from rodent bioassays, and pesticide residue sampling data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The resulting estimates are that approximately 20,000 cancer cases per year could be prevented by increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, while up to 10 cancer cases per year could be caused by the added pesticide consumption. These estimates have significant uncertainties (e.g., potential residual confounding in the fruit and vegetable epidemiologic studies and reliance on rodent bioassays for cancer risk). However, the overwhelming difference between benefit and risk estimates provides confidence that consumers should not be concerned about cancer risks from consuming conventionally-grown fruits and vegetables.
The micronutrient profile of the typical American diet enhances colorectal carcinogenesis
2013
The typical Western dietary pattern is characterized by the consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and has been linked to increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our research group previously developed the total Western diet (TWD) that emulates typical human dietary intakes of macro-(carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) on an energy density basis for rodents. In the present study, we sought to determine the impact of TWD on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and obesity in comparison to a commercial 45% fat diet used for models of diet-induced obesity (DIO diet) and the standard basal AIN93G diet, which is optimized for rodent health. Also, we included 2 additional test diets to evaluate the contribution of the micronutrient (vitamin-and mineral-modified diet, [VMM]) or macronutrient (macromodified diet [MM]) contents of the TWD in development of cancer, obesity, and glucose intolerance. A chemical carcinogenesis model of inflammation-associated colon cancer was employed to evaluate impact of diets on colon cancer in mice. As expected, Agricultural Experiment Station for this research project.
A Western-style diet induces benign and malignant neoplasms in the colon of normal C57Bl/6 mice
Carcinogenesis, 2001
Decreased dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin D and folic acid have been suggested as risk factors for human colon cancer. We previously fed a Western-style diet (WD) containing reduced calcium, vitamin D and increased fat content to normal C57/Bl6 mice: hyperproliferation, hyperplasia and whole crypt dysplasias developed in the colon following WD administration. Utilizing the same diet, we now also decreased the levels of several nutrients that are required for biochemical reactions involving methyl group inadequacy, i.e. folic acid, methionine, choline and vitamin B 12 . Dietary levels of these nutrients were reduced to nutrient-density levels approximating those consumed by large segments of human Western populations. This further modification of the WD resulted in adenoma and carcinoma development in normal mouse colon (P < 0.04 compared with AIN-76A diet). The results indicate, for the first time, that a semi-purified rodent diet designed to mimic the human Western diet can induce colonic tumors in normal mice without carcinogen exposure.