Derivatives of Graphene Oxide as Potential Drug Carriers (original) (raw)
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Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles as Platform for Drug Delivery
2015
Graphene oxide [GO] nanoparticles have rapidly grown a new type of nanomaterial for drug delivery. A novel approach to fabricate graphene oxide nanoparticles has been reported. The graphene oxide synthesized by oxidation of graphite in H 2 SO 4 : H 3 PO 4 [9:1] with continuous stirring for 12hr. Graphene oxide contribute as biomaterial for biomedical application due to its structural features as two dimensional, planar structures with high surface area, good biocompatibility and it also acts as filler. The synthesized GO characterized by using SEM, DSC, FT-IR, Malvern Zetasizer, and UV-spectroscopy. Due to its multifunctional properties GO acts as nanocarrier and most preferably used as novel nanomaterial for anticancer therapy with high drug loading capacity and for the design of advanced drug delivery system and delivery of a broad range of therapeutics.
Graphene and graphene oxide as a docking station for modern drug delivery system
Current drug delivery, 2014
Motivated by the success and exhaustive research on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based drug delivery, graphene, a two-dimensional; honey-comb crystal lattice has emerged as the rising star in recent years. Graphene is a flat monolayer of carbon atoms that holds many promising properties such as unparalleled thermal conductivity, remarkable electronic properties, and most intriguingly higher planar surface and superlative mechanical strength, which are attractive in biotechnological applications. Delivery of anti-cancer drugs using graphene and its derivatives has sparked major interest in this emerging field. The anti-cancer therapies often pose a limitation of insolubility, administration problems and cell penetration ability. In addition, systemic toxicity caused by lack of selective targeting towards cancer cells and inefficient distribution limits its clinical applications. Graphene nanocomposite is a promising tool to address these drawbacks. This review will focus on various synthe...
Graphene Oxide: A Potential Drug Carrier for Cancer Therapy—Review
2017
Graphene oxide (GO) is a single or few layer’s sheet derived from graphite using strong oxidizing agents. Graphene oxide possesses outstanding aqueous processability, amphiphilicity, functionalizability, surface enhanced area and fluorescence ability. Hydrophilicity is an important property for mixing the material with ceramic or polymer matrixes while trying to improve their electrical and mechanical properties. Acquiring a promising application in the biomedical area, graphene molecules undergo complex interactions with the biological system, resulting in toxicity of the molecule. However, various approaches to overcome these problems have been established involving graphene modification, leading to the emerging role for graphene oxide, highly-tailored multifunctional targeted delivery vehicles of therapeutic agents to cancer cells or tissues due to its enhanced tissue penetration and cellular uptake both in vitro and in vivo. This review covers graphene oxide properties, function...
Albumin–graphene oxide conjugates; carriers for anticancer drugs
In order to improve its biological properties, graphene oxide can be modified with hydrophilic polymers. Therefore, in this study, the surface of graphene oxide was modified with polyethylene glycol and albumin by covalent methods. In the subsequent step, paclitaxel which is a hydrophobic anticancer drug was loaded onto the surface of the functionalized graphene by p-p interactions. The synthesis of the nanocarrier and its interaction with paclitaxel were evaluated by FT-IR, CD, TEM, UV, AFM, DLS and fluorescence experiments. Release of the loaded drug from albumin-graphene conjugate was investigated at pH 5.4, 6.8 and 7.4.
Controlling physicochemical properties of graphene oxide for efficient cellular delivery
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2020
Efficient cellular endocytosis is indispensable for a drug delivery system. Graphene oxide (GO) is attracting considerable attention owing to its unique properties. However, GO tends to aggregate in physiological aqueous solutions and thus stabilization through functional molecules needs to be introduced. This research suggests a new strategy for utilizing GO as a drug carrier without a complicated surface modification process. A needle-like GO nanocarrier is developed through a conformational change of GO sheets in the cell growth medium with the aids of salt ions. A high surface area and sufficient number of functional groups of GO ensure the accumulation of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) on the GO sheets. The drug loading capacity is measured through UV-vis spectroscopy. DOX-loaded GO sheets are visualized using confocal images and an AFM analysis. The conformational change and cellular uptake mechanism are studied with the help of TEM. The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of the DOX-loaded GO needles are investigated on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells and the HeLa cancer cell line. GO needles demonstrate good biocompatibility of below a 100 mg/mL concentration, whereas DOXloaded GO needles show a better anti-cancer capability than free DOX treatment owing to the enhanced cellular endocytosis of a 1D needle structure.
Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry
Over the past few years, there has been a growing potential use of graphene and its derivatives in several biomedical areas, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and imaging systems, especially for having excellent optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Therefore, nanomaterials in the graphene family have shown promising results in several areas of science. The different physicochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives guide its biocompatibility and toxicity. Hence, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are fundamental. This review has shown the applicability of the graphene family in several biomedical modalities, with particular attention for cancer therapy and diagnosis, as a potent theranostic. This ability is derivative from the considerable number of forms that the graphene family can assume. The graphene-based materials biodistribution profile, clearance, toxicity, and cytotoxicity, interacting with biological systems, are discussed here, focusing on its synthesis methodology, physicochemical properties, and production quality. Despite the growing increase in the bioavailability and toxicity studies of graphene and its derivatives, there is still much to be unveiled to develop safe and effective formulations.
Graphene Oxide Thin Films with Drug Delivery Function
Nanomaterials, 2022
Graphene oxide has been used in different fields of nanomedicine as a manager of drug delivery due to its inherent physical and chemical properties that allow its use in thin films with biomedical applications. Several studies demonstrated its efficacy in the control of the amount and the timely delivery of drugs when it is incorporated in multilayer films. It has been demonstrated that oxide graphene layers are able to work as drug delivery or just to delay consecutive drug dosage, allowing the operation of time-controlled systems. This review presents the latest research developments of biomedical applications using graphene oxide as the main component of a drug delivery system, with focus on the production and characterization of films, in vitro and in vivo assays, main applications of graphene oxide biomedical devices, and its biocompatibility properties.
Functionalized Graphene Platforms for Anticancer Drug Delivery
International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2021
Two-dimensional nanomaterials are emerging as promising candidates for a wide range of biomedical applications including tissue engineering, biosensing, pathogen incapacitation, wound healing, and gene and drug delivery. Graphene, due to its high surface area, photothermal property, high loading capacity, and efficient cellular uptake, is at the forefront of these materials and plays a key role in this multidisciplinary research field. Poor water dispersibility and low functionality of graphene, however, hamper its hybridization into new nanostructures for future nanomedicine. Functionalization of graphene, either by covalent or non-covalent methods, is the most useful strategy to improve its dispersion in water and functionality as well as processability into new materials and devices. In this review, recent advances in functionalization of graphene derivatives by different (macro)molecules for future biomedical applications are reported and explained. In particular, hydrophilic functionalization of graphene and graphene oxide (GO) to improve their water dispersibility and physicochemical properties is discussed. We have focused on the anticancer drug delivery of polyfunctional graphene sheets.
Current applications of graphene oxide in nanomedicine
International journal of nanomedicine, 2015
Graphene has attracted the attention of the entire scientific community due to its unique mechanical and electrochemical, electronic, biomaterial, and chemical properties. The water-soluble derivative of graphene, graphene oxide, is highly prized and continues to be intensely investigated by scientists around the world. This review seeks to provide an overview of the currents applications of graphene oxide in nanomedicine, focusing on delivery systems, tissue engineering, cancer therapies, imaging, and cytotoxicity, together with a short discussion on the difficulties and the trends for future research regarding this amazing material.