Carbon Materials as a Conductive Skeleton for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications: A Review (original) (raw)
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Carbon-based nanostructured materials and their composites as supercapacitor electrodes
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012
This critical review provides an overview of current research on carbon-based nanostructured materials and their composites for use as supercapacitor electrodes. Particular emphasis has been directed towards basic principles of supercapacitors and various factors affecting their performance. The focus of the review is the detailed discussion regarding the performance and stability of carbon-based materials and their composites. Pseudo-active species, such as, conducting polymer/metal oxide have been found to exhibit pseudo-capacitive behavior and carbon-based materials demonstrate electrical double layer capacitance. Carbon-based materials, such as, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers, provide high surface area for the deposition of conducting polymer/metal oxide that facilitates the efficient ion diffusion phenomenon and contribute towards higher specific capacitance of the carbon based composite materials with excellent cyclic stability. However, further scope of research still exists from the view point of developing high energy supercapacitor devices in a cost effective and simple way. This review will be of value to researchers and emerging scientists dealing with or interested in carbon chemistry.
2018
Recent research efforts are focused on alternative energy production instead of fossil fuels. Meanwhile, the developments of more efficient energy storage devices are driven by many factors. One is related to our environment. There is a need to significantly control emission of greenhouse gases, and reduce the amount of global warming majorly caused by fossil fuels. The products of combustion processes from fossil fuel usually lead to environmental pollution and poisonous atmospheric smog in our environment. In spite of growing developments in addressing various issues inherent to energy storage devices, supercapacitors continue to exhibit low energy density when compared with lithium ion batteries. The study in this thesis has utilized low-cost and environmentally-friendly carbon-based nanostructured hybrid materials as electrodes for designing a novel hybrid supercapacitor, which allows for a bolstering alliance of characteristics of dissimilar components in synergistic combinatio...
Electrode materials are the most important factors to verify the properties of the electrochemical supercapacitor. In this paper, the storage principles and characteristics of electrode materials, including carbon-based materials, transition metal oxides and conducting polymers for supercapacitors are depicted in detail. Other factors such as electrode separator and electrolyte are briefly investigated. Recently, several works are conducted on application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs-based electrode materials for supercapacitors. MWCNTs serve in experimental supercapacitor electrode materials result in specific capacitance (SC) value as high as 135 Fg -1. Addition of pseudocapacitive materials such as transition metal oxides and conducting polymers in the MWCNTs results in electrochemical performance improvement (higher capacitance and conductivity). The nanocomposites of MWCNTs and pseudocapacitive materials are the most promising electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their good electrical conductivity, low cost and high mass density. © 2012 World Scientific Publishing Company.
Review of the Selected Carbon-Based Materials for Symmetric Supercapacitor Application
Journal of Electronic Materials
Carbon materials are among the most commonly used components of supercapacitor electrodes. Particularly, active carbons are recognized as cheap, available, and easily tailored materials. However, the carbon family, i.e. carbon products and carbon precursors, consists of many members. In this manuscript some of these materials, including laboratory scale-produced carbon gels, carbon nanotubes and carbonized materials, as well as industrial scale-produced graphites, pitches, coke and coal, were compared. Discussion was preceded by a short history of supercapacitors and review of each type of tested material, from early beginning to state-of-the-art. Morphology and structure of the materials were analyzed (specific surface area, pore volume and interlayer spacing determination), to evaluate their applicability in energy storage. Thermal analysis was used to determine the stability and purity. Finally, electrochemical evaluation using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed. Outcomes of each analytical technique were summarized in different sections.
Carbon Nanocoils as Unusual Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2012
Carbon nanocoils (CNCs) are coiled carbon nanofibers of ca. 10 nm in fiber diameter, and 10-20 nm in internal coil diameter. They are prepared through several oxidation treatments, which lead to a graduate content in surface oxygen groups evolving as either CO or CO 2 in temperature-programmed desorption. The CNCs show a moderate surface area (40-240 m 2 g −1 ) and a relatively high electrical conductivity (0.1-0.2 S cm −1 ). Some CNCs are activated to develop surface area. The electrochemical behaviour of CNCs as supercapacitor electrode is studied in the electrolytes H 2 SO 4 and Et 4 NBF 4 . From the parameters C 1 (overall specific capacitance measured at 1 mA cm −2 ), S BET (BET specific surface area), and CO and CO 2 content, the plots of C 1 /S BET vs. CO/S BET and vs. CO 2 /S BET are analyzed. In the acidic electrolyte, the oxygen groups evolving as CO 2 contribute significantly to enhance C 1 in addition to the groups evolving as CO. C 1 /S BET shows a linear dependence, with high slope, on CO 2 /S BET , and an exponential dependence on CO/S BET . In the organic electrolyte, the two kinds of oxygen groups contribute less to C 1 . The specific pseudocapacitance and double layer capacitance are determined and discussed in relation to the CO and CO 2 content and the S BET value.
High power density electrodes for Carbon supercapacitor applications
Electrochimica Acta, 2005
This paper presents results obtained with 4 cm 2 Carbon/Carbon supercapacitors cells in organic electrolyte. In the first approach, a surface treatment for Al current collector foil via the sol-gel route has been used in order to decrease the Al/active material interface resistance. Performances obtained with this original process are: a low equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 0.5 Ω cm 2 and a specific capacitance of 95 F g −1 of activated carbon. Then, supercapacitors assembled with treated Al foil and active material containing activated carbon/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different compositions have been studied. Galvanostatic cycling measurements show that when CNTs content increases, both ESR and specific capacitance are decreased. Fifteen percent appears to be a good compromise between stored energy and delivered power with an ESR of 0.4 Ω cm 2 and a specific capacitance of 93 F g −1 of carbonaceous active material. Finally, cells frequency behaviour has been characterized by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The relaxation time constant of cells decreases when the CNTs content increases. For 15% of CNTs, the time constant is about 30% lower as compared to a cell using pure activated carbon-based electrodes leading to a higher delivered power.
INVESTIGATION OF THE CARBON MATERIAL BASED ELECTRODES FOR SUPERCAPACITORS
In this work the different types carbon materials, such as carbon fibers, graphite oxide, exfoliated graphite were studied for the using as an electrode materials in supercapacitors. The capacitance of the supercapacitors depends on the surface area of the electrode material, therefore using of the carbon materials with high surface area is more effective.
Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Novel Nanomaterials, 2021
Lightweight, flexible, wearable, and portable electronic gadgets have drawn significant attention in modern electronics industry. To power these gadgets, great efforts have been made to develop highly efficient energy-storage equipment. Among various power sources, a supercapacitor, acting as a bridge between the conventional battery and electrolytic capacitor, has been considered a promising portable energy storage device because of its high power density, fast charge/discharge rate, adequate operational safety, and excellent working lifetime. Hybrid supercapacitors, which combine redox materials with carbon-based materials, exhibit tremendous potential to fulfill the requirement of practical applications. In this chapter, we will review recent reports focusing on composite materials (i.e. metal oxide, metal hydroxide, and metal dichalcogenide composited with carbon materials) for the application in supercapacitors. The conclusion and futuristic prospects and challenges of highly e...
Symmetric device performances of carbon based nanostructures for supercapacitors
2016
In this review article, symmetric device performances of carbon based nanostructures were reviewed and presented for supercapacitors. There are many important parameters to affect the supercapacitor device performances. The most important one is the formation of active materials used for electrodes. Nowdays, graphene based nanostructures have been used as an active electrode material due to their storage capability of more charges compared to other carbon materials. Supercapacitors divide two main parts: pseudocapacitors and electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Conducting polymers are also used as important active material components due to their good conductivity. Some techniques were also presented to obtain information about capacitance, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) etc.