nanoGold and µGold inhibit autoimmune inflammation: a review (original) (raw)
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Impact of Gold Nanoparticles on the Functions of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
Cells
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have demonstrated outstanding performance in many biomedical applications. Their safety is recognised; however, their effects on the immune system remain ill defined. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are immune cells specialised in sensing external stimulus and in capturing exogenous materials then delivering signals for the immune responses. We used primary macrophages (Ms) and dendritic cells (DCs) of mice as an APC model. Whereas AuNPs did not alter significantly Ms and DCs functions, the exposure to AuNPs affected differently Ms and DCs in their responses to subsequent stimulations. The secretion of inflammatory molecules like cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), chemokine (MCP-1), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were altered differently in Ms and DCs. Furthermore, the metabolic activity of Ms was affected with the increase of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, while only a minor effect was seen on DCs. Antigen presentation to T cells increased when DCs we...
Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2010
The effect of manufactured gold nanoparticles (NP) on the immune system was analysed through their ability to perturb the functions of dendritic cells (DC), a major actor of both innate and acquired immune responses. For this purpose, DCs were produced in culture from mouse bone marrow progenitors. The analysis of the viability of the cells after their incubation in the presence of gold NP shows that these NP are not cytotoxics even at high concentration. Furthermore, the phenotype of the DC is unchanged after the addition of NP, indicating that there is no activation of the DC. But the analysis of the cells at the intracellular level reveals important amounts of gold NP amassing in endocytic compartments. Furthermore, the secretion of cytokines is significantly modified after such internalisation indicating a potential perturbation of the immune response.
Phagocytosis of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles
Langmuir, 2010
We report the evidence for the cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles via the phagocytosis mechanism in murine macrophage cells strongly supported by TEM and optical microscopy. Nanoparticles were prepared using several biocompatible molecules of choice (5-aminovaleric acid, L-DOPA, melatonin, and serotonin hydrochloride) as stabilizers for gold colloids. Their surface chemistry was fully characterized by UV-vis, ATR-FTIR, 1 H NMR, and HR-MAS 1 H NMR spectroscopies, and size distribution was determined by CPS disc centrifuge and TEM. Differences in coatings were evaluated against cellular uptake, and a preferential movement of macrophages toward 5-aminovaleric acid-modified gold nanoparticles was shown, leading to the fast accumulation of nanoparticles in the cytosol.
Microscopic analysis of the interaction of gold nanoparticles with cells of the innate immune system
2013
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can interfere with some of the biochemical processes of macrophage cells but the mechanisms of action of these potentially medically-relevant effects are still unclear. Here we study the fate of AuNPs interacting with cells derived from the innate immune system. To visualize AuNPs with nanometer resolution without losing sight of the whole morphology of cells we developed a convenient approach that uses electron and ion microscopy techniques. The inspection using an ion beam to selectively cut where the AuNPs were found, allows for determining their intracellular localizations. We studied the cellular uptake of AuNPs, with or without exposure of the cells to Latrunculin-A, a phagocytosis inhibitor. Results indicate a size dependence of the internalization mechanisms for THP-1 cells. The internalization of larger AuNPs was blocked in the presence of Latrunculin-A, although they could attach to the membrane. Smaller AuNPs though were not blocked by actin depending processes.
Selective inhibitory effects of 50-nm gold nanoparticles on mouse macrophage and spleen cells
Journal of immunotoxicology, 2015
Nanoparticles (NP) are significant to multiple industrial processes, consumer products and medical applications today. The health effects of many different types of NP, however, are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of 50-nm gold NP coated with poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on mouse macrophage and spleen cells with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS), testing the hypothesis that the NP would modulate immune responses without being overtly toxic. Gold NP had no effect on macrophage viability and, in the absence of LPS, they had no effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production as measured by ELISA. The presence of LPS significantly increased the release of TNFα from the macrophages above no-treatment controls, but increasing gold NP concentration led to decreasing release of TNFα. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by exposed macrophages were also reduced compared to untreated controls, both with and without LPS, suggesting some kind of o...
In Vivo Study of Spherical Gold Nanoparticles: Inflammatory Effects and Distribution in Mice
Plos One, 2013
Objectives: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 21 nm have been previously well characterized in vitro for their capacity to target macrophages via active uptake. However, the short-term impact of such AuNPs on physiological systems, in particular resident macrophages located in fat tissue in vivo, is largely unknown. This project investigated the distribution, organ toxicity and changes in inflammatory cytokines within the adipose tissue after mice were exposed to AuNPs. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single dose of AuNPs (7.85 mg AuNPs/g). Body weight and energy intake were recorded daily. Tissues were collected at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h post-injection to test for organ toxicity. AuNP distribution was examined using electron microscopy. Proinflammatory cytokine expression and macrophage number within the abdominal fat pad were determined using real-time PCR. Results: At 72 hours post AuNP injection, daily energy intake and body weight were found to be similar between Control and AuNP treated mice. However, fat mass was significantly smaller in AuNP-treated mice. Following IP injection, AuNPs rapidly accumulated within the abdominal fat tissue and some were seen in the liver. A reduction in TNFa and IL-6 mRNA levels in the fat were observed from 1 h to 72 h post AuNP injection, with no observable changes in macrophage number. There was no detectable toxicity to vital organs (liver and kidney). Conclusion: Our 21 nm spherical AuNPs caused no measurable organ or cell toxicity in mice, but were correlated with significant fat loss and inhibition of inflammatory effects. With the growing incidence of obesity and obesity-related diseases, our findings offer a new avenue for the potential development of gold nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of such disorders.
Nanomedicine (London, England), 2017
To study the effect of priming doses of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on proinflammatory cytokines in different organs of mice. Mice were injected with a single or two doses (priming group) of GNPs (5, 20 and 50 nm) and sacrificed after 1 or 7 days. The mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined in liver, kidney and spleen. A single injection of 5 nm GNPs significantly increased the mRNA expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 in liver, which were normalized on day 7. In spleen, the GNPs of all sizes significantly increased IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expressions on day 1 that persisted on day 7. The priming dose of GNPs protected the animals against the acute phase induction of IL-1β and IL-6 expressions in liver and spleen. Primed animals showed protection against GNP-induced acute immune activation suggesting the importance of the priming dose in nanomedicine.
BioMed Research International, 2013
The data on the biocompatibility of naked gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are scarce, and their interpretation is controversial. We studied the acute (1 day) and subchronic (5 days) effects of GNPs (10 and 50 nm diameter) on expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ) in the liver and kidneys of rats. In the liver, the GNPs of both sizes (10 and 50 nm) significantly increased the cytokines gene expression on day 1 which was subsided on day 5; the GNPs of 50 nm size produced more severe inflammatory response as compared to smaller sized GNPs. In the kidney, the GNPs did not produce any significant change in the expression of IL-1 β . Although the gene expression of IL-6 and TNF- α was not affected by GNPs of 10 nm size, 50 nm GNPs significantly increased the expression of IL-6 and TNF- α in the kidneys of rats on day 1 after treatment which returned to normalcy on day 5. These findings indicate the possible immunocompatibility of medium sized GNPs as they caused only a transient acute phase increase in proinflammatory cytokines expression followed by their normalcy during the repeated exposure.