Measuring Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Schooling in Sindh: An Application of Censored Ordered Probit Modeling (original) (raw)
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Scientific Reports
We studied the effects of birth order and socioeconomic factors on educational attainment in Pakistan. We examined this relationship by using PSLM/HIES 2018–19 which is nationally representative household survey data. We found striking evidence that being born first as a male child is positively and significantly associated with educational attainment. Whereas in our girls' sample we found that being born first is significantly and negatively associated with educational attainment, and this effect does not persist for second-born female children if the firstborn is a male child. Such a difference in our estimates led us to investigate further the cohort and rural–urban dimensions. We concluded that urban areas in Pakistan are primarily responsible for resource rationing in favor of male children for younger cohorts. Therefore, the study recommends the targeted policy intervention to remove such differentials based on gender when it comes to the educational attainment of a child.
Determinants of Dropout and Child School Enrollment: A Case Study from Rural Islamabad
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Education is an important pillar for the development of any society. Generally, school enrollment in developing countries is observed very low compared to the developed countries and the situation is further worsened by the high dropout rate. The current study investigates the major factors responsible for high dropouts in Islamabad, Pakistan, particularly in rural areas. For this purpose, the primary data have been obtained through a detailed questionnaire collecting information on child socioeconomic, household, cultural, and other characteristics. For modeling purposes, Probit model is used to investigate the effects of various factors on high child dropout rate. The results revealed that besides the distance from school to home, financial constraints are the most important reason for dropping out. Moreover, the education of father, age of the child and the gender of the child are also highly significant variables that determine the probability of a child dropout.
An Empirical Study of Educational Inequalities in Rural and Urban Areas of Pakistan
The central object of this paper is to give detailed analysis of educational disparity in Pakistan. This study is examined all over provinces of rural and urban of Pakistan including Islamabad for the period of 2014-15 and the data is used from PSLM. In particular, we calculate education inequality all over the population and beyond the employed population. This study is investigated individually male and female having age equal to 15 years and over and are not being enrolled in any educational institutions. The study finds that there is lack of education over the populace. Whereas, strength of education disparity is extremely low athwart in employed people. When we compare rural-urban areas of Pakistan. The study find that urban areas are less disparity in education as compare to rustic areas. The study also investigates that education inequality are extra serious amid female than male. The province wise contrast shows that education inequality is high in Baluchistan and Sindh while there is less education disparity is Islamabad.
Who Are the Children Going to School in Urban Punjab (Pakistan)?
International Journal of Social Economics , 2009
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the demand side determinants of schooling of Pakistani urban children and the factors affecting boys and girls’ schooling separately. Design/methodology/approach – This is an empirical study using the non-linear maximum likelihood probability (probit) function on primary data. Findings – Besides other variables it has been observed that the poverty remains an important determinant of school participation. Poor households keep their children out of school due to their inability to afford the cost of schooling. Research limitations/implications – On the basis of this study a socio-economic policy can be formulated for a developing country like Pakistan. Practical implications – A development policy can be formulated on the basis of this research for the enhancement of human resource development for a developing and an orthodox economy like Pakistan. Originality/value – The paper is beneficial to the researchers, policy makers, and social scientists for the enhancement of the level of social welfare through its findings.
The Pakistan Development Review, 2017
Previous studies in Pakistan have established the number of pupil, parents, household, and community characteristics as determinants of primary school enrolment. However, treatment of the role of the household power structure in these studies is limited to the inclusion of a single dummy variable for female headship. Present study estimates separate probit regressions for different types of headships, hence allowing for an analysis of the power structure of the household and its impact on other explanatory variables. In addition to confirming the findings of previous studies, this study concludes that mother‘s headship results in greater positive influence of her own education and the economic status of the household on child‘s primary school enrolment. Father‘s headship in this regard has only limited influence. JEL Classification: C25, J16, I21 Keywords: Probit Models, School Enrolment, Gender Issues
Determinants of Girl’s School Enrollment In Pakistan
Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies
The developing countries like Pakistan are facing the problem of low girls’ school enrolment rate. The study estimates the determinants of girls’ school enrolment by employing Binary Probit modal using the PSLM data 2010/11.The results show that though the education of both mother and father affect positively the girls’ school enrolment, yet the former affects it more as compared to the latter. The relationship between age of children and school enrolment is of inverted ‘U’ shaped. Foreign remittances and land ownership have more chances to affect the female school enrolment. School distance and poverty are major problems for female school enrolment. Further, females have more chances of school enrolment in urban areas as compared to rural ones. The results at provincial level reveal that mother’s education has more chances to affect the probability of girls’ enrolment in Sindh followed by Punjab as compared to KPK and Baluchistan. At a policy level government should pay more attent...
Poverty, Gender, and Primary School Enrolment In Pakistan
Pakistan Development Review, 1999
1. INTRODUCTION Primary education is at the base of the pyramid of education, and is regarded as a fundamental human right today. In addition, it has several tangible social and economic effects. As an essential component of human capital, primary education plays an ...