Preparation and Evaluation of Alginate-Chitosan Matrices Loaded with Red Ginger Oleoresin using the Ionotropic Gelation Method (original) (raw)
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Journal of physics, 2019
Freeze drying or lyophilisation method was selected for preparing chitosan-alginate matrices loaded with the extract of mangosteen pericarp for oral administration. The objective of this research was to obtain chitosan-alginate matrices for colon targeted drug delivery system that had a high content of mangostins by using a freeze drying method. Various compositions of matrices consisting of chitosan, alginate and mangostins have been used to study the effect of alginate and mangostin content on the release property of freeze dried matrices. Sharp X-ray diffraction peaks of the crystalline phase in pure chitosan and pure alginate, vanished in the chitosan-alginate matrices. The infrared spectroscopy spectra of matrices showed that mangostins were entrapped in the matrices. Release of mangostin from the chitosan-alginate freeze dried matrices was affected by the proportions of alginate and mangostins in the formulations. The in-vitro release assays in simulated gastrointestinal fluids showed the mangostin was burst released from the chitosan-alginate matrices prepared by freeze drying method. The chitosan extract-alginate matrix with mass ratios of 1:0.1:0.5 showed low release of mangostin in simulated gastric fluid, but high release in simulated intestinal and simulated colonic fluids. The freeze drying method facilitates high bioactive loading, and with a proper proportion of chitosan and alginate, it should be possible to obtain matrices that can be used for colon targeted oral drug delivery.
Food Research International, 2011
In this study the encapsulation of raspberry leaf, hawthorn, ground ivy, yarrow, nettle and olive leaf extracts was performed by electrostatic extrusion in alginate-chitosan microbeads, with ascorbic acid being used for the dissolution of chitosan. The original and encapsulated plant extracts were characterized for their polyphenol content and composition, mineral content and antioxidant capacity. Raspberry leaf encapsulating microbeads exhibited the highest total phenol content and antioxidant capacity, followed by hawthorn, while olive leaf microbeads contained the lowest total phenol content. High encapsulation efficiency was obtained for all extract encapsulating microbeads (80-89%). Nettle extract-containing microparticles were characterized with the largest particle size and irregular shape, due to a high content of microelements (copper, strontium, and zinc), which affected the geling process of alginate. Although the antioxidant stability of hydrogel microcapsules was deteriorated during refrigerated storage, which might be attributed to the instability of ascorbic acid, the obtained microbeads deliver significant biological activity and antioxidant potential which may increase the daily intake of antioxidants when implemented in a food product.
LWT, 2023
The mangosteen fruit possesses a potent antioxidant known as α-mangostin. However, the poor aqueous solubility of α-mangostin limits its incorporation into food products, as well as its oral bioaccessibility in the human gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we utilized electrostatic complexation between chitosan and oleic acid to encapsulate α-mangostin as a strategy to overcome these limitations. As a result, a homogeneous nanoparticle suspension (average particle diameter = 830 nm) was achieved, as verified by scanning transmission electron microscopy and laser diffraction particle size analysis. Importantly, the aqueous solubility of α-mangostin was significantly improved (>800 times), as examined using high-performance liquid chromatography, enabling its effective incorporation into foods and beverages. The nanoparticles were stable and conveniently stored in a dark vial at 4 • C for more than 2 weeks. In the simulated gastric environment, the pH sensitivity of the chitosan-oleic acid complexes enabled the α-mangostin to remain encapsulated in the gastric phase (pH 3) and to be released in the intestinal phase (pH 7) with a bioaccessibility percentage greater than 50%. Overall, the novel synthesized α-mangostin-encapsulated nanoparticles are beneficial for the design of functional foods with enhanced quality, gastrointestinal stability, and delivery.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017
Objective: This research aims to determine the effect of the spray drying condition against encapsulation efficiency and characterization microcapsules of red ginger oleoresin. Methods: Preparation of encapsulation begun with the formation of emulsions by mixing red ginger oleoresin with chitosan solution which was dissolved with acetic acid 2% (v/v). The weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin was 1: 1, 2: 1 and 3: 1 and then stirred using a homogenizer while added 2 ml tween 80 for 10 min. The size of emulsion droplet was measured using nanoparticle analyzer (NPA). The emulsion is formed and then inserted into the feed tank of a spray dryer. Inlet temperature of the spray dryer used in the 180 °C, 190 °C and 200 °C; and the spray dryer outlet temperature was 85 °C, feed rate at 2 L/h. The microcapsules formed were then analyzed Results: Based on the research that has been done, the smallest effective diameter of the emulsion droplets encapsulation efficiency and characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). was 216.4±1.5 nm and the largest was Conclusion: This research 2109.2±46.1 nm. The value of encapsulation efficiency ranged between 83.33±0.42%-99.15±0.02%. Increasing the weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin and increase the spray drying inlet temperature, the encapsulation efficiency is also increased. The highest encapsulation efficiency was 99.15±0.02% occurred at 200 °C of spray drying inlet temperature and the weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin of 3:1. Morphology analysis of the surface of microcapsules using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the inlet temperature of 200 °C was obtained microcapsules with smooth surfaces. The Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis results indicating the absence of new compounds is formed.
The controlled release and antioxidant properties of the flavonoid quercetin (Qr) incorporated into crosslinked microcapsules using chitosan (Ch) or its derivative modified with glucosamine by Maillard reaction (GACh) as wall materials were evaluated. The microcapsules containing Qr (Qr-MC) were obtained by the spray-drying technique with high microencapsulation efficiency of Qr, and with spherical shape of average size of 2.0 ± 1.5 μm. Under gastrointestinal simulated conditions, the Qr-MC showed controlled release within few hours, being the release rate faster under gastric than intestinal conditions. The rate of release of Qr by GACh-MC was almost double than those made with Ch under gastric conditions, but the same release rate was observed for both Qr-MC under intestinal conditions. Efficient antioxidant activity of the Qr-MC against reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydroxyl radical HO • , anion superoxide O 2 • − and singlet oxygen 1 O 2 was observed, indicating that Ch bio-polymers are also suitable functional coating materials for flavonoid microencapsulation, regarding the gastro resistance, antioxidant activity and controlled release properties that could increase the bioavailability of the flavonoid.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Chitosan-alginate microparticles loaded with hydrophobic mangostins present in the mangosteen rind extract have been formulated and optimized for colon-targeted bioactive drug delivery systems. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate as the cross-linking agent of chitosan. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were then encapsulated in alginate with calcium chloride as the linking agent. The mangostin release profile was optimized using the Box–Behnken design for response surface methodology with three independent variables: (A) chitosan–mangostin microparticle size, (B) alginate:chitosan mass ratio, and (C) concentration of calcium chloride. The following representative equation was obtained: percent cumulative release of mangostins (10 h) = 59.51 − 5.16A + 20.00B − 1.27C − 1.70AB − 5.43AC − 5.04BC + 0.0579A2 + 10.25B2 + 1.10C2. Cumulative release of 97% was obtained under the following optimum condition ...
Microencapsulation of red ginger oleoresin in maltodextrin and carrageenan using spray drying
Teknika: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi, 2021
The purpose of this study was to determine the encapsulation efficiency and cumulative release of red ginger oleoresin from microcapsules with different wall materials. Red ginger oleoresin was added to the maltodextrin solution, followed by a tween 80. The mixture formed was transferred to a spray dryer for the drying process. Other materials used are carrageenan and a combination of maltodextrin and carrageenan in a ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsules were analyzed for encapsulation efficiency and release test using phosphate buffer medium pH 7.4, then determine release kinetics using zero-order, first-order, Higuchi model, Korsmeyer-Peppas model, and Peppas-Shalin model. The highest encapsulation efficiency was 78.6%, and the lowest cumulative was 58.46% from microcapsules with a wall material of a mixture of maltodextrin and carrageenan with a ratio of 1:2. The release kinetics best fit the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Peppas-Shalin models with anomalous transport (non-Fickian) and Fickian diffusion release mechanisms.
Evaluation of biocompatibility and antioxidant efficiency of chitosan-alginate nanoparticles loaded with quercetin, 2017
The present study deals with development and evaluation of the safety profile of chitosan/alginate nanoparticles as a platform for delivery of a natural antioxidant quercetin. The nanoparticles were prepared by varying the ratios between both biopolymers giving different size and charge of the formulations. The biocompatibility was explored in vitro in cells from different origin: cultivated HepG2 cells, isolated primary rat hepatocytes, isolated murine spleen lymphocytes and macrophages. In vivo toxicological evaluation was performed after repeated 14-day oral administration to rats. The study revealed that chitosan/alginate nanoparticles did not change body weight, the relative weight of rat livers, liver histol-ogy, hematology and biochemical parameters. The protective effects of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles were investigated in the models of iron/ascorbic acid (Fe 2+ /AA) induced lipid peroxidation in micro-somes and tert-butyl hydroperoxide oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes. Interesting finding was that the empty chitosan/alginate nanoparticles possessed protective activity themselves. The antioxi-dant effects of quercetin loaded into the nanoparticles formulated with higher concentration of chitosan were superior compared to quercetin encapsulated in nanoparticles with higher amount of sodium algi-nate. In conclusion, chitosan/alginate nanoparticles can be considered appropriate carrier for quercetin, combining safety profile and improved protective activity of the encapsulated antioxidant.