Preludes to ontic structural realism : Eddington and Weyl : a theoretic route from general relativity to quantum mechanics through group theory (original) (raw)

2009, Università degli studi Roma Tre

Abstract

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The paper explores the theoretical connections between the works of Arthur Eddington and Hermann Weyl, particularly in relation to ontic structural realism (OSR) and the interplay of geometry and physics. It examines how Eddington's ideas may have laid the groundwork for structuralist interpretations of scientific knowledge, bridging general relativity and quantum mechanics through group theory. The research traces the epistemological reflections of Eddington to recent developments in structural realism within scientific discourse, highlighting the importance of mathematical and physical sciences in informing these philosophical discussions.

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  1. - time"( Esfeld 2004: 1) dove l'individualità è definita in base a tre caratteristiche: (i) la localizzazione spaziotemporale; (ii) l'essere un soggetto di predicazione di certe proprietà e (iii) il sussistere di proprietà qualitative che permettono di distinguere ciascuna cosa da una qualsiasi altra 260 . Tutto ciò che manifesta (i), (ii) e (iii) sarebbe poi indipendente perchè le sue proprietà fondamentali sono intrinseche. Il problema fondamentale nella standard view
  2. L'approccio strutturalista propone una metafisica di relazioni. Possiamo seguire Esfeld nel concepire relazioni e proprietà relazionali come sinonimi, indicanti proprietà n-adiche (proprietà dal momento che anch'esse vengono predicate circa le cose).
  3. Esfeld definisce proprietà intrinseche (o monadiche) "all and only those qualitative properties that a thing has irrespective of whether or not there are other contingent things; all other qualitative properties are extrinsic or relational"(2003:
  4. 'ottica le proprietà fondamentali, siano esse monadiche (intrinseche) o n-adiche (relazionali), sono non disgiuntive ("essere rosso o verde" non è considerata una possibile proprietà fondamentale in questa prospettiva).
  5. Esfeld parla di proprietà qualitative come di quelle proprietà la cui istanziazione non dipende da alcun particolare individuo (in questo senso la posizione spaziotemporale è qualitativa, non dipende da chi è posizionato lì).
  6. Esfeld fa sua la critica di F.Jackson a J.Lewis (cfr. Esfeld, 2003).
  7. Lo stesso tipo di divario è, secondo Margareth Morrison (2007), un rischio del RSO. Nel paragrafo §4.6 abbiamo criticato questo suo punto di vista.
  8. "Everything there is in a world like ours supervenes on the distribution of basic intrinsic properties over all space-time points"(Esfeld 2004: 1).
  9. Le relazioni spaziotemporali sono legate alla metrica, che è legata alla materia in regime di reciprocità. 265 Non ci si vuole fermare alla plausibilità di una metafisica di relazioni in quanto intelligibile, né ad una dismissione delle proprietà intrinseche come non necessarie (in quanto inconoscibili finchè non 'diventano' relazionali), sulla base di un rasoio di Occam. sono completamente determinate solo dallo stato globale dei sistemi 266 considerati insieme: "If we take the quantum state description to tell us something about the properties of quantum systems, entanglement is to say that the quantum systems in question do not have state-dependent properties such as position, momentum (mass multiplied by velocity) or spin angular momentum in any direction each; state- dependent properties are all and only those properties of a physical system that can change during the existence of the system" (Esfeld 2004:
  10. conoscenza, quanto piuttosto un aspetto dei sistemi fisici: "Whatever entanglement may exactly be, it is a relation among quantum systems"(ib.7). Difatti quanto detto vale indipendentemente dal come l'entanglement si risolve: perchè si possa parlare di dissoluzione dello stato entangled, bisogna che si dia lo stato entangled prima. Inoltre, questa situazione non è un caso eccezionale: la Meccanica Quantistica è intrisa di stati entangled 267 . L'aspetto cruciale dell'interpretazione dell'entanglement quantistico formulata da
  11. Esfeld, è dato dal fatto che esso interessa, quanto alle sue conseguenze descrittive, solo le proprietà che sono dipendenti dallo stato: posizione, velocità (momento) e direzione del momento angolare di spin. L'entanglement non tocca le proprietà cosiddette state- indipendent, che tradizionalmente sono considerate le proprietà monadiche, intrinseche. Queste ultime sarebbero le classiche proprietà invarianti del sistema 268 (massa, carica e 266 Esfeld parla di quantum systems già a proposito di singole particelle. Per questo poi parla dello 'stato globale' dei sistemi 'considerati insieme'.
  12. Esfeld nota che anche se i sistemi entangled possono essere descritti separatamente come stati misti, ma è comunque una descrizione incompleta: non tiene conto della relazione fondamentale che li caratterizza.
  13. D'altro canto, persino le variabili nascoste non necessitano di essere basi intrinseche per le relazioni. Secondo Esfeld, Einstein rifiutava l'idea di correlazioni non sopravvenienti e questo rifiuto costituirebbe la base dell'argomento EPR (separabilità dei sistemi fisici e località dell'azione): "…it appears to be essential for…the things introduced in physics that, at a specific time, these things claim an existence independent of one another, insofar as these things 'lie in different parts of space"(Esfeld 2004: 8). Nel sostenere la possibilità che le proprietà relazionali non dipendano univocamente da proprietà intrinseche soggiacenti si sostiene, a nostro avviso, l'idea che anche la separabilità non implichi strettamente l'esistenza di proprietà intrinseche come base delle relazioni (non che non ci siano proprietà intrinseche, quanto che non siano una base necessaria per tutte le relazioni). La negazione di questo, ossia l'idea che la separabilità sia assolutamente legata elle proprietà intrinseche, condurrebbe a considerare l'esistenza stessa delle cose come completamente riducibile alle loro proprietà intrinseche. In realtà secondo Esfeld il razionale soggiacente al principio di separabilità è proprio l'idea che le relazioni sopravvengano sulle proprietà intrinseche. D'altra parte quest'ultima tesi è materia di discussione.
  14. Un dubbio potrebbe sorgere a questo punto, nel richiamare alla memoria l'esempio di Eddington circa l'incremento della massa con la velocità. sempre altro: i -una regola di composizione, o per usare una terminologia eddingtoniana un pattern of interrelatedness. ii -delle componenti, dei relata . Consideriamo ancora una volta l'idea eddingtoniana 'inciso sul fatto che la metafisica relazionale ammette la possibilità, ad esempio, della primitive thisness. Ma non è forzata a farlo. E questo rappresenta senz'altro un elemento di forza perché crea uno spazio condiviso all'interno del quale si può poi dibattere la questione dell'individualità. Il fatto che le relazioni prevedano i relata non induce ad adottare, ad esempio, la primitive thisness. Ammettere i relata significa semplicemente ammettere che la predicazione stessa richiede un oggetto di cui predicare. Si può aggiungere, ne richiede l'esistenza (attuale o virtuale). In questo senso, si può trovare un ulteriore spunto nella riflessione di Eddington. Egli non considera la questione individui/non individui: lo statuto dei nodi al di là delle relazioni è solidamente fondato sulla nozione 'strutturale' di esistenza .
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