Eye Movement and Pupil Measures: A Review (original) (raw)
Related papers
Visualization and quantification of eye tracking data for the evaluation of oculomotor function
Heliyon, 2019
Oculomotor dysfunction may originate from physical, physiological or psychological causes and may be a marker for schizophrenia or other disorders. Observational tests for oculomotor dysfunction are easy to administer, but are subjective and transient, and it is difficult to quantify deviations. To date, videobased eye tracking systems have not provided a contextual overview of gaze data that integrates the eye video recording with the stimulus and gaze data together with quantitative feedback of metrics in relation to typical values. A system was developed with an interactive timeline to allow the analyst to scroll through a recording frame-by-frame while comparing data from three different sources. The visual and integrated nature of the analysis allows localisation and quantification of saccadic under-and overshoots as well as determination of the frequency and amplitude of catch-up and anticipatory saccades. Clinicians will be able to apply their expertise to diagnose disorders based on abnormal patterns in the gaze plots. They can use the line charts to quantify deviations from benchmark values for reaction time, saccadic accuracy and smooth pursuit gain. A clinician can refer to the eye video at any time to confirm that observed deviations originated from gaze behaviour and not from systemic errors.
An Examination of the Oculomotor Behavior Metrics within a Suite of Digitized Eye Tracking Tests
2019
Eye tracking has recently been used to examine oculomotor behavior (OMB) for visual and neurological health and wellness with promise in determining characteristics of healthy eyes and in turn a healthy brain. Recent research has demonstrated that human eye movements reflect individual and group differences, however, clinical evaluations of eye movements often lack test-retest reliability. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of oculomotor behavior metrics in healthy individuals, to determine the normative values through cluster analysis, and to compare oculomotor behavior metrics by age groups in a suite of digitized eye tracking tests. A large sample of 2993 participants completed RightEye tests. These tests demonstrated acceptable or higher reliability on 85% of the eye movement metrics and the clustering analysis distinguished 5 distinct age groups. Furthermore, group differences were found between age clusters. Overall, the findings represent the reliability...
Experimental design and biometric research. Toward innovations, 2021
Eye movements provide information on subconscious reactions in response to stimuli and are a reflection of attention and focus. With regard to visual activity, four types of eye movements—fixations, saccades, smooth pursuits and blinks—can be distinguished. Fixations—the number and distribution, total fixation time or average fixation duration are among the most common measures. The capabilities of this research method also allow the determination of scanpaths that track gaze on the image as well as heat- and focus maps, which visually represent points of gaze focus. A key concept in eye-tracking that allows for more in-depth analysis is areas of interest (AOI)—measures can then be taken for selected parts of the visual stimulus. On the other hand, the area of gaze outside the scope of analysis is called white space. The software allows for comparisons of static and non-static stimuli and provides a choice of template, dataset, metrics or data format. In conducting eye-tracking rese...
Behavior Research Methods, 2014
Few studies have published methodologies that can be used to analyze simultaneous gaze behaviors and recurrent fixations while multiple observers are viewing dynamic scenes and moving their heads. In this study, we aimed to develop a methodological framework to assess simultaneous gaze behaviors and recurrent fixations in predetermined areas of interest, while accounting for head movement and nonstandard observer positioning. Gaze coordinates were recorded during six trials in which a single participant focused on the center of a video image and moved his head in six degrees of freedom. Markers were positioned at the image corners. Eyetracking equipment recorded the video image and gaze behaviors (crosshair), which were then uploaded to SIMI Motion Analysis software. The corner markers were digitized in order to determine image position as the head moved, and were used to calculate new gaze coordinates relative to this head movement. Calculations accounted for the perspective error due to nonstandard participant positioning. Across all trials, the error between the measured and calculated coordinates was acceptable (<3.5 %CV). The frequencies and durations of fixations (≥100 ms within 1°of visual angle) within six areas of interest are reported, and they compared well to manual calculations. This methodology was then assessed using participant dyads (N=5), each simultaneously observing the same images. Recurrent fixations were determined using a hierarchical model, and these also compared well to manual analysis. This article presents a valid and reliable methodological framework for determining fixation frequency, duration, and location from multiple observers, while accounting for head movement and nonstandard positioning. This framework facilitates the analysis of simultaneous oculomotor variables, improving ecological validity and reducing environmental constraints.
Survey of eye movement recording methods
Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 1975
This paper reviews most of the known techniques for measuring eye movements, explaining their principle of operation and their primary advantages and disadvantages. The five sections of the paper cover the followingtopics: (1) types of eye movement, (2) characteristics of the eye which lend themselves to measurement and the principal approaches to the measurement of eye movement, (3) practical methods of measurement with especial attention to the new techniques, (4) general considerations guiding a selection of method, and (5) summarizing of the major findings in a concise table.
A Brief History of Eye Movement Research
Springer eBooks, 2022
This chapter will provide a brief overview of the rich and fascinating history underpinning contemporary eye-movement research. Starting with the early work by Kepler and the largely observational investigations of eye-movements conducted by others, we will cover the development of eye-movement research in terms of the machinery used for early investigations, such as crude measurements using plaster of Paris, as well as set out some of the first instances of phenomena which are still keeping scientists occupied today. Hopefully, by the end of this chapter, you will appreciate the broad history behind some of the topics covered throughout the rest of this book. Background Human vision first begins with the eye, at the point when light hits the retina and is then transferred into the brain at speeds estimated to be around 875,000 bits per second [1]-the same speed as the average internet connection, in order for it to be processed by various brain regions associated with higher and lower order processing. The eye itself is a wonderfully complex optical device, which has inspired the design of many of the lenses used in today's endeavours such as photography or scientific investigation. Eye movements are considered the most frequent of all human movements [2]. This calculated, frenetic movement developed as a consequence of the enormous amount of visual information available to an organism. Rather than process the entirety of the information at our disposal, only small portions of the visual world are attended in rapid sequence [3]. The human eye monitors a visual field of around 200°, but detailed information is received from only around 2° [4]. This richly detailed region, known as the fovea, jerks around at speeds of up to 500° per second, during which the sensitivity of this area drops to near blindness levels [5][6]. Eye movements are therefore fundamental to the operation of the visual system. Yet, the eye is more than a simple datacollection device; it is also able to provide insights into behaviour due to providing rich metrics, which is why it is often referred to as the window to the soul. Given that many cognitive processes begin here, it is unsurprising that there has is a rich scientific history of eye-tracking.
Trends and Techniques In Visual Gaze Analysis
COGAIN, 2009
Visualizing gaze data is an effective way for the quick interpretation of eye tracking results. This paper presents a study investigation benefits and limitations of visual gaze analysis among eye tracking professionals and researchers. The results were used to create a tool for visual gaze analysis within a Master's project.
Abstracts of the 17th European Conference on Eye Movements 2013
Journal of Eye Movement Research
This document contains all abstracts of the 17th European Conference on Eye Movements, August 11-16 2013 in Lund, Sweden ECEM 2013 has been the 17th European Conference on Eye Movements, with the original aims ‘to exchange information on current research, equipment and software’ remaining at the forefront. ECEM is transdisciplinary, promoting new approaches, co-operation between research fields and communication between researchers. It has grown from it’s origins as a small, specialist conference to a large international event, covering all aspects of basic and applied research using eye movements ( see information from previous conferences in the archive). Today, ECEM is the largest conference on eye movements in the world, based on number of submissions. In keeping with the tradition of supporting young researchers and promoting new research. In the days prior to the conference, ECEM 2013 has included methods courses for all interested delegates on several aspects of eye movements...
Performance Evaluation of the Gazepoint GP3 Eye Tracking Device Based on Pupil Dilation
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Eye tracking is considered one of the most salient methods to study the cognitive demands of humans in human computer interactive systems, due to the unobtrusiveness, flexibility and the development of inexpensive eye trackers. In this work, we evaluate the applicability of these low cost eyetrackers to study pupillary response to varying memory loads and luminance conditions. Specifically, we examine a low-cost eye tracker, the Gazepoint GP3, and objectively evaluate its ability to differentiate pupil dilation metrics under different cognitive loads and luminance conditions. The classification performance is computed in the form of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the results indicate that Gazepoint provides a reliable eye tracker to human computer interaction applications requiring pupil dilation studies.