Aflatoxin B1 in poultry: Toxicology, metabolism and prevention (original) (raw)
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The aflatoxins are a group of closely related mycotoxins that are widely distributed in nature. The most important of the group is aflatoxin BI (AFB,), which has a range of biological activities, including acute toxicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
Aflatoxin B 1 : Toxicity , characteristics and analysis : Mini review
2013
Aflatoxins (AF) are mycotoxins derived by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and are listed as Group I carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a body of the World Health Organization. The main aflatoxins are the B1 (AFB1), B2, G1 and G2 together with their metabolites, among which the most important is the aflatoxin B1. AFB1 is the molecule with the highest toxic significance. It is commonly found in any foodstuff or animal feed which can support fungal growth during growth, harvest, or storage. This paper is a mini review of AFB1, its toxicity, its characteristics and its different methods of analysis.
Metabolic Changes of Aflatoxin B1 to become an Active Carcinogen and the Control of this Toxin
Immunome Research, 2015
Although aflatoxins are unavoidable toxins of food, many methods are available to control them, ranging from natural detoxifying methods to more sophisticated ones. The present review englobes the main characteristics of Aflatoxins as mutagens and carcinogens for humans, their physicochemical properties, the producing fungi, susceptible crops, effects and metabolism. In the metabolism of Aflatoxins the role of cytochromes and isoenzymes, epigenetics, glutathione-S-transferase enzymes, oncogenes and the role of aflatoxins as mutagens of the tumor suppressor gene p53, and the Wnt signaling pathway are briefly explained, as well as these toxins as biomarkers. The last section includes the Aflatoxin control methods, from the protection of the crop from the Aspergillus fungi, the biocontrol solution, the AFB1-DNA adduct control with the natural repair rates of adduct removal, induction to resistance to AFB1, the detoxification enzymes, recombinant yeasts, pre-exposure to Aflatoxin M1, the inhibition of AFB1 lesions by different compounds, chemoprevention and protective chemical compounds, cruciferous vegetables, dietary dithiolethiones, glucoraphanin, indol-3-carbinol, oltipraz, phenols (butylated hydroxytoluene and ellagic acid), indomethacin, selenium, natural nutrients, coumarin chemoprevention, cafestol and kahweol, terpenes and monoterpenes, grapefruit juice, vitamins, traditional Chinese medical plants (Oldenlandia diffusa and Scutellaria barbata), chlorophyllin, probiotic bacteria and additives as aluminosilicates and glucomannans are described here. Finally, the aflatoxin international legislation was briefly described.
Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation
Toxins, 2021
In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey “X” disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin—aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent dat...
Toxins, 2019
The presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in poultry diets decreases the hatchability, hatchling weight, growth rate, meat and egg production, meat and egg quality, vaccination efficiency, as well as impairing the feed conversion ratio and increasing the susceptibility of birds to disease and mortality. AFB1 is transferred from poultry feed to eggs, meat, and other edible parts, representing a threat to the health of consumers because AFB1 is carcinogenic and implicated in human liver cancer. This review considers how AFB1 produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus strains can affect the immune system, antioxidant defense system, digestive system, and reproductive system in poultry, as well as its effects on productivity and reproductive performance. Nutritional factors can offset the effects of AFB1 in poultry and, thus, it is necessary to identify and select suitable additives to address the problems caused by AFB1 in poultry.