The Effect of Chemicals of Plant Protection Products on Soil Microbiocenoses (original) (raw)
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Journal of Agriculture Biotechnology, 2016
Soil ecosystems are incredibly complex with great heterogeneity in physical, chemical and biological characteristics and are considerably influenced by factors such as geology, topography, climate and anthropogenic activities. It includes not only biological factors but also physical chemical factors. The physical and chemical parameters can affect the bioavailability of nutrients as wells as contaminants to plants and dependent animals. Monitoring the types and quantities of toxic substances entering into the terrestrial environment is difficult due to the complexity and cost of procedures involved. Also the determination of isolated substances by chemical assay does not detect the effects on the organisms neither inform about the possible interactions between the substances (additive, antagonistic or synergistic).In this sense, researchers have pointed the necessity to apply biological methodologies in order to obtain an ecosystemic approach. Biological factors may indicate better...
The study of soil ecology and the knowledge of its chemical and biological composition is become one of the principal aim of the environmental research. Most recent studies, based on consolidated knowledge, gives a specific analytical framework that allows to start correlating the biochemical composition of the soil with its particular characteristics and uses. For a sustainable agriculture, it must be adopted alternatives to a disproportionate use of non-organic fertilizers and agro-pharmaceuticals. The practice adopted has also an important effect on the soil and its characteristics, particularly on its chemical and microbiological composition, which varies the capacity of the soil to create and provide eco-systemic activity. The chemical and microbiological composition of the soil has also effect on the quantity and quality of the agricultural product. Today we have the possibility to scientifically measure the effect of these different practices on soil composition and mainly on its biodiversity. In this study some first chemical and biome characterizations, related to the nitrogen cycle, were conducted in sites with different land use and with different agronomic practices, combining methods of chemical and metagenomics analysis. Resulted a high variability in the concentration of organic substance in the soil and no correlation of organic carbon concentration versus organic nitrogen concentration, denoting differences in the quality of the organic matter present. The soil of the ancient biodynamic vineyard shows the highest concentration of DNA found. Unexpectedly, the vegetable garden managed under biological methods shows the lowest concentration of DNA found. The composition of the biome for the bacterial species of nitrogen cycle shows a very complex picture. Some species are always absent and some always present; in a worrying case only the Neisseria species was detected. The work will continue by applying quantitative PCR techniques (Real Time), with which a complete photograph of the state of the microbiome of the analyzed soils will be possible. The applied method seems particularly suitable for bio-geo-chemical insights on the nitrogen cycle in the soil, referred to different use of the soil and in relation to the agronomic practices adopted.
2007
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The present study was designed to determine the effects of glyphosate, mancozeb and diazinon with three different soil orders and two soil moisture contents and their combinations on some soil microbial population in a pot experiment. The main results obtained at the last periods (4 and 5 samplings) of the study demonstrated as: glyphosate showed significant decrease in total actinomycetes and increased total bacteria, proteolytic bacteria and fungi. Mancozeb significantly decreased proteolytic bacteria and fungi. Diazinon significantly increased total bacteria and proteolytic bacteria. Agholan soil showed the greatest reduction in proteolytic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Debaga soil significantly increased proteolytic bacteria. Girdarasha soil increased proteolytic bacteria, fungi and ac nomycetes. 50% soil moisture content revealed significant increase in total bacteria and proteoly c bacteria. 100% soil moisture content showed significant increase in actinomycetes. The inte...
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The World Health Organization (WHO) states that in developing nations, there are three million cases of agrochemical poisoning. The prolonged intensive and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals adversely affected the soil biodiversity, agricultural sustainability, and food safety, bringing in long-term harmful effects on nutritional security, human and animal health. Most of the agrochemicals negatively affect soil microbial functions and biochemical processes. The alteration in diversity and composition of the beneficial microbial community can be unfavorable to plant growth and development either by reducing nutrient availability or by increasing disease incidence. Currently, there is a need for qualitative, innovative, and demand-driven research in soil science, especially in developing countries for facilitating of high-quality eco-friendly research by creating a conducive and trustworthy work atmosphere, thereby rewarding productivity and merits. Hence, we reviewed (1) the impact...
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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the Guidance Document on persistence in soil (SANCO/9188VI/1997 of 12 July 2000) as scientific knowledge in this field has evolved in recent years. Therefore the Panel started the development of a revised methodology for the assessment of exposure of soil organisms. Based on a previous opinion of the Panel, the methodology is developed both for the concentration in total soil and the concentration in the soil pore water. The aim of the exposure assessment is the spatial 90 th percentile of the exposure concentration (maximum in time) in the intended area of use in each of the three regulatory zones. The assessment of this percentile will include the uncertainty of substance and soil properties. The exposure assessment methodology is a function of (i) the type of crop (annual, pasture, permanent or rice), (ii) the tillage system and (iii) the application technique of the plant protection product. Based...
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