Diversity of intestinal microbiota in infancy and the risk of allergic disease in childhood (original) (raw)
Related papers
2013
Purpose of review Numerous studies have attempted to describe specific microbiota deviations that may precede atopic sensitization and atopic disease in childhood. This has given rise to a hypothesis suggesting that a reduced intestinal microbial diversity in infancy increases the risk of allergic manifestations. This review intends to sum up the main findings and discuss relevant exposures that regulate intestinal microbial diversity. Recent findings Taken together the three studies in this review lend support to the diversity hypothesis, but reported differences related to atopic sensitization and clinical expression are discussed. A summary on analytic methods and functional aspect of the microbiota in allergic disease is presented to ameliorate a presentation of recent articles on environmental and host-factors regulating microbiota composition and diversity. Summary The current evidence indicates that intestinal microbiota diversity can be associated with allergic diseases, but the exact mechanisms and interactions contributing to this effect are far from understood and need further investigation.
Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Allergies in Children: A Literature Review
Nutrients
The intestinal microbiota is a diverse and complex microecosystem that lives and thrives within the human body. The microbiota stabilizes by the age of three. This microecosystem plays a crucial role in human health, particularly in the early years of life. Dysbiosis has been linked to the development of various allergic diseases with potential long-term implications. Next-generation sequencing methods have established that allergic diseases are associated with dysbiosis. These methods can help to improve the knowledge of the relationship between dysbiosis and allergic diseases. The aim of this review paper is to synthesize the current understanding on the development of the intestinal microbiota in children, the long-term impact on health, and the relationship between dysbiosis and allergic diseases. Furthermore, we examine the connection between the microbiome and specific allergies such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and food allergies, and which mechanisms could determine the ind...
The gut microbiota and its role in the development of allergic disease: a wider perspective
Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2014
The gut microbiota are critical in the homeostasis of multiple interconnected host metabolic and immune networks. If early microbial colonisation is delayed, the gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) fail to develop, leading to persistent immune dysregulation in mice. Microbial colonisation has also been proposed as a major driver for the normal age-related maturation of both Th1 and T regulatory (Treg) pathways that appear important in suppressing early propensity for Th2 allergic responses. There is emerging evidence that resident symbionts induce tolerogenic gut-associated Treg cells and dendritic cells that ensure the preferential growth of symbionts; keeping pathogenic strains in check and constraining proinflammatory Th1, Th2 and Th17 clones. Some effects of symbionts are mediated by short-chain fatty acids, which play a critical role in mucosal integrity, local and systemic metabolic function and stimulate the regulatory immune responses. The homeostatic IL-10/TGF-β dominated tolerogenic response within the GALT also signals the production of secretory IgA, which have a regulating role in mucosal integrity. Contrary to the "sterile womb" paradigm, recent studies suggest that maternal microbial transfer to the offspring begins during pregnancy, providing a pioneer microbiome. It is likely that appropriate microbial stimulation both pre-and postnatally are required for optimal Th1 and Treg development to avoid the pathophysiological processes leading to allergy. Disturbed gut colonisation patterns have been associated with allergic disease, but whether microbial variation is the cause or effect of these diseases is still under investigation. We are far from understanding what constitutes a "healthy gut microbiome" that promotes tolerance. This remains a major limitation and might explain some of the inconsistency in human intervention studies with prebiotics and probiotics. Multidisciplinary integrative approaches with researchers working in networks, using harmonised outcomes and methodologies are needed to advance our understanding in this field.
Low diversity of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema
Journal of Allergy and …, 2011
Background: It is debated whether a low total diversity of the gut microbiota in early 43 childhood is more important than altered prevalence of particular bacterial species for the 44 increasing incidence of allergic disease. The advent of powerful, cultivation-free, molecular 45 methods makes it possible to characterize the total microbiome down to the genus level in 46 large cohorts. 47 Objective: To assess microbial diversity and characterize the dominant bacteria in stool 48 during the first year of life in relation to atopic eczema development. 49 Methods: The microbial diversity and composition was analyzed with barcoded 16S rDNA 50 454-pyrosequencing in stool samples at one week, one month and 12 months of age in 20 51 infants developing IgE-associated eczema and 20 infants without any allergic manifestation 52 until two years of age. (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01285830) 53
Allergy, 2018
Medicine (VR-M); the Västerbotten county council (ALF); European Union's Seventh Frame Work Programme under grant agreement n° 222720; Ekhaga Foundation; Ronald McDonald Fund; Swedish Nutrition Foundation and Oskar-fonden. Semper AB and Arla Foods personnel were involved in discussions regarding study design. The sponsors had no involvement in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Altered early infant gut microbiota in children developing allergy up to 5 years of age
Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2009
Background: Early colonization with bifidobacteria and lactobacilli is postulated to protect children from allergy, while Clostridium difficile colonization might be associated with allergic disease. Previous studies of the infant gut microbiota in relation to subsequent allergy development have mostly employed culture dependent techniques, studied genera of bacteria and the follow up period was limited to two years.
Role of the Microbiome in Allergic Disease Development
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 2020
Purpose of Review: Evidence suggests that the microbiome of the skin, gastrointestinal tract and airway contribute to health and disease. As we learn more about the role that the microbiota plays in allergic disease development, we can develop therapeutics to alter this pathway. Recent Findings: Epidemiologic studies reveal that an association exists between environmental exposures which alter the microbiota, and developing atopic dermatitis, food allergy and/or asthma. In fact, samples from the skin, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract, reveal distinct microbiotas compared to healthy controls, with microbial changes (dysbiosis) often preceding the development of allergic disease. Mechanistic studies have confirmed that microbes can either promote skin, gut and airway health by strengthening barrier integrity, or they can alter skin integrity and damage gut and airway epithelium. Summary: In this review, we will discuss recent studies that reveal the link between the microbiota and immune development, and we will discuss ways to influence these changes.
Establishment of the intestinal microbiota and its role for atopic dermatitis in early childhood
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2013
Background: Perturbations in the intestinal microbiota may disrupt mechanisms involved in the development of immunologic tolerance. The present study aimed to examine the establishment of the infant microbiota and its association to the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: Within a randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the prevention of AD by oral supplementation of a bacterial lysate between week 5 and the end of month 7, feces was collected at the ages of 5 weeks (n 5 571), 13 weeks (n 5 332), and 31 weeks (n 5 499) and subjected to quantitative PCRs to detect bifidobacteria, bacteroides, lactobacilli, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium cluster I. Results: Birth mode, breast-feeding but also birth order had a strong effect on the microbiota composition. With increasing number of older siblings the colonization rates at age 5 weeks of lactobacilli (P < .001) and bacteroides (P 5 .02) increased, whereas rates of clostridia decreased (P <.001). Colonization with clostridia, at the age of 5 and 13 weeks was also associated with an increased risk of developing AD in the subsequent 6 months of life (odds ratio adjusted 5 2.35; 95% CI, 1.36-3.94 and 2.51; 1.30-4.86, respectively). Mediation analyses demonstrated that there was a statistically significant indirect effect via Clostridium cluster I colonization for both birth mode and birth order in association to AD. Conclusion: The results of this study are supportive for a role of the microbiota in the development of AD. Moreover, the ''beneficial'' influence of older siblings on the microbiota composition suggests that this microbiota may be one of the biological mechanisms underlying the sibling effect.
Nutrition, Gut Microbiota, and Allergy Development in Infants
Nutrients
The process of gut microbiota development in infants is currently being challenged by numerous factors associated with the contemporary lifestyle, including diet. A thorough understanding of all aspects of microbiota development will be necessary for engineering strategies that can modulate it in a beneficial direction. The long-term consequences for human development and health of alterations in the succession pattern that forms the gut microbiota are just beginning to be explored and require much further investigation. Nevertheless, it is clear that gut microbiota development in infancy bears strong associations with the risk for allergic disease. A useful understanding of microbial succession in the gut of infants needs to reveal not only changes in taxonomic composition but also the development of functional capacities through time and how these are related to diet and various environmental factors. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies have started to produce insights into...