The Use of the Spatial Arrangement Method for the Hierarchy of Entry in the Houses of Tehran Over the Late Qajar and the First Pahlavi Eras with Emphasis on Privacy (original) (raw)
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Bagh-e Nazar, 2024
Problem statement: The role and position of the house in Iranian architecture have been of paramount importance since ancient times, and various patterns influenced by factors such as climate, religion, and culture can be observed in the design of each of them. The principle of privacy, which is one of the valuable principles in Iranian architecture, has also been used in the structure of historical houses. In Iranian houses, this principle is derived from religious, cultural, social beliefs, and other factors in the integration of architectural structure. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the hierarchy of access with an emphasis on privacy and attention to patterns and spaces in the architecture of historical houses in Iran within the framework of the integration of architectural structure and lifestyle, and its impact on the examined samples. According to the research hypothesis, it seems that by using spatial arrangement based on the principles of privacy preservation in houses in Tehran during the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, it is possible to achieve functional patterns emphasizing private space and changes in human needs over time. Method: This research involves examining the privacy hierarchy in the entrances of 8 historical houses in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods in Tehran, as well as quantitative analysis and evaluation of spaces. To investigate the principles of indigenous architecture and compare the existing regulations, the mentioned data were collected through field research and analyzed using Spss 22 and Depth Map software. By employing logical reasoning, the correlation between the research criteria in these houses was examined. Results: The results of this study indicate that attention to the hierarchy of access, entrance, and spatial relationships based on responding to the human needs of the two periods under study are among the most important elements in the design of houses of the mentioned era, leading to the definition of patterns for these houses.which led to the definition of patterns.
Bagh-e Nazar, 2021
Problem statement: According to researchers, lifestyle has a great impact on the introduction of behavioral patterns and mental tendencies and lifestyles of people in a society. In other words, the concept of lifestyle specifically represents the quality of life of individuals in a society. There have not been many studies on the architecture of Iranian residential houses in the Qajar era and its relationship with lifestyle. It also seems to be important due to climate changes and the diversities in residential architecture during the long Qajar period. This article tries to study the space discourse in relation to the lifestyle in Qajar era aristocratic houses of Mazandaran. Therefore, the main approach of this research is to understand the space in relation to lifestyle and its impact on the architectural space of houses. Because the houses of ordinary people are affected by the climate, the houses of the aristocracy have been studied. Research objective: This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of the lifestyle of the aristocratic Qajar era people on the areas and spatial relations of their houses. Research method: Research sources are based on library and field studies, which are available in two categories: documentary and oral. To select the samples, all Qajar houses in Mazandaran that had documents and the possibility of field studies were examined. Conclusion: Lifestyle is categorized into social, economic, and cultural components and the impact of each of these components on the spatial relations structure of the samples was studied. After examining the placement of the spaces in the studied houses, by drawing a Justification graph by the space syntax software, they have been analyzed. The houses of each Qajar era were compared with each other and it was concluded that even the houses located in a similar period of the Qajar era were different in terms of type and number of spaces, depth of spaces and there are also differences in how spaces relate to each other and this difference was due to the social relations of the family, job and livelihood, etc. of the residents, which can be categorized based on these differences in different patterns.
Bagh-e Nazar, 2022
Problem statement: House architecture is an important topic in the study of architectural styles, and the study of its evolution can provide lessons for architectural knowledge. This paper focuses on the spatial transformation of historical houses by comparing the courtyard houses of the Qajar and the first Pahlavi period in Kerman. The research questions are as follows: 1) what geometric and spatial transformations occurred in Kerman between the Qajar and the first Pahlavi periods? 2) what changes took place in the structural role of the courtyard in these two periods? Research objective: Determining the differences between Qajar and the first Pahlavi houses in the spatial and geometric arrangement of spaces, indicates the changes between the two periods. Research method: This paper used a descriptive-analytical method and after selecting the houses, the criteria for the analysis of the houses' plans were developed. By comparing the samples with research indicators, the spatial and structural similarities and changes of the two types were determined through logical reasoning, and then qualitative results were provided. Conclusion: Based on the analysis of samples, although there are similarities between the houses of the two periods in terms of geometric features in the facades and the second spatial layer in the plan, more freedom in designing houses of the first Pahlavi than in the Qajar is observed. This increases the variety of the second layer placement in the plan, the arrangement of the spaces around the courtyard, the lack of emphasis on using harmony in opposite facades, and the decrease of symmetry. The rotation of the courtyard axis and the change of organization pattern around the courtyard indicate the gradual transformation of the role of the courtyard in the first Pahlavi houses, the fading of the basic role, and the centrality of the courtyard.
The Developmental History of Space Configuration in the Last Hundred Year Houses of Najafabad
Bagh-e Nazar Journal, 2023
Problem statement: In the last hundred years, the houses of Najafabad in Isfahan, Iran changed from a central courtyard to four forms of the central hall, a riding-pedestrian hall, and the private and apartment hall during modernization. So far, no research has been conducted on this developmental history to introduce the past and its changes and inform contemporary researchers and designers about the background and history of house design in this city. Research objective: This study aims to evaluate the developmental history of the architecture of Najafabad houses over the last hundred years and compare these houses based on the space syntax technique. Research method: In the present descriptive and analytical study, the developmental history of houses was evaluated from the point of view of spatial configuration, in several categories with several indicators using library studies, field observations, and simulation with the specialized software of syntax and space, and behavioral patterns were analyzed in spatial categories of entrance space, motion path, and privacy with navigable depth index, the internal organization of main spaces with interconnectedness index and spaces of pause, motion, and spatial hierarchy with depth index. In addition, entrance space, motion path, and privacy with navigable depth index, the internal organization of main spaces with interconnection index, and spaces of pause, motion, and spatial hierarchy with depth index were investigated. SPSS software version 20 was used to prove the numerical results based on inferential statistics methods such as Pearson correlation test. Conclusion: Based on the results, the spatial configuration of the houses changed over time and privacy decreased. There was a direct statistical correlation between integration, depth, and navigable depth of common spaces in all periods. A gradual change was evident in the relationship between the courtyard and the building and its role from active to passive, reducing privacy at the entrance, identifying multi-functional vertical communication routes, reducing hierarchy in horizontal routes, increasing the number of organizing elements, and changing the organization from central to linear. The results can be effective for researchers and contemporary housing designers to reflect on the spatial qualities of contemporary housing to reduce the above deficiencies.
International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 2014
Constructing houses in the form of garden-house became popular among Statesmen and the privileged class in Naseri period. Iranian traditional houses which used to be formed around a central courtyard, now were organized around a garden. So the transition from houses with courtyard to garden-houses created a new order of relationships between spaces, resulted in redefining spaces and their forms. The framework structure of the spaces along with their life culture have been investigated in the present research paper since without considering the inhabitants' behavioral and cultural characteristics the framework patterns shaping the space cannot lead to identifying architectural features. So, the qualitative research method was used to study four aristocratic houses in Tehran within an analytical-interpretative approach. The results indicate a change in space organization. There are sustainability concepts in designing spaces in a house which are attained differently in the garden ...
Socio-spatial studies journal, 2017
Contrastive study on the elements of traditional houses in different times, is an effective method in understanding the culture and design factor, the architectural evolution, space organization, ornaments and the structure of the historical buildings and it describes that different features and distinguishing factors in traditional houses were usually closely related to the political, economy, and social issues of that region. Synchronized with historical dynasties, traditional houses are thus, easily distinguishable regarding their architectures and the manner of architectural pattern can be followed regarding the historical evolution. As Isfahan was the capital of Iran in Safavid time, building magnificent palace-like houses were the trend; in Qajar dynasty as well architecture had its own unique elements. The present study enjoyed the mixed methods of descriptive and analytical methods as well as case study. The problem was examined based on observation, field studies, and documentation; the results then were compared and contrasted. The architectural design of these houses are introverted (mainly) as well as extroverted (in jolfa). The main front of the houses are in southern part and having porch, straight sky line, rectangular garden, rectangular rooms, sometimes octagonal houses, abundant ornamentations in central halls, using natural colors, easier use of bricks as the main material are some features of these houses. The present study aims to analyze and evaluate how the privacy of entrances in both Safavid and Qajar houses as one of the most significant elements of architectural times formed.
Socio-spatial studies journal, 2018
The historic houses of the Qajar era are among the remarkable works of this period, which, due to their close connection with the everyday life of the people, are indicative of the special characteristics of their time. These houses are not only important in terms of plans and architectural spaces, but also unique in terms of decorations and arrays and cultural values. Thus, this paper is aimed at understanding the residential architecture and its design patterns in Qajar houses in Isfahan. The research methodology is analytical and descriptive and has been done with library and field method. Special attention has been paid to the design and spatial designing patterns and by analyzing, analyzing and comparing them, the further categorization of cultural factors and design patterns in Vasigh's home has been provided. Actually, As space organization is considered an integral part of traditional Iranian architecture, In a way, it shows the application of spaces, Also, they represent the dominant thinking of their age. Due to the necessity of his time, the Qajar art faced Western elements and reacted itself selfishly. The result of this response to the design of the architecture is that in many cases the imported elements have been able to combine with the traditional elements. At home, we also encountered spatial patterns that clearly illustrate this issue. At home, we also encountered spatial patterns that clearly illustrate this issue. But in general, artists of this era have been able to achieve unity in the design of the architectural design of this house, despite the combination of elements of different cultures.
The Impact of Lifestyle on Spatial Relations of Aristocratic Qajar Houses in Mazandaran and Golestan
2020
Lifestyle is a concept that generally includes social, economic, and cultural components. It has a great influence on the introduction of people behaviors and attitudes in a community. According to various scholars, lifestyle is closely related to the quality of life. An example of lifestyle is quality of location and living space affecting the architecture of house interior. This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of aristocratic lifestyle in Qajar era in the spatial areas and relationships of their houses. Research method was historical and interpretive analysis. The data were based on library and field studies consisting of documents and narrations. To select the samples, all houses related to the Qajar period, which had documents and the possibility of field studies were provided, were investigated. In this study, nineteen houses in the Mazandaran and Golestan were selected which had the highest impact on the spatial relationships considering the change in lifestyl...
Bagh_e_Nazar, 2019
Problem statement: Human beings shape the organization, and structure of their settlements, based on their lifestyle. On the other hand, in every environment, differences in social, economic, cultural, and symbolic capitals lead to the formation of different social classes and differences in the way of life. Accordingly, the search for how the pattern and structure of the houses of the upper and middle-classes of Ardabil in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods are shaped by the status of the social class of the inhabitants, is the main issue of research. Aim: The importance and necessity of research in regard to different types of housing, especially middle-class houses, irradiation on part of Ardabil›s architectural history, and attention to the role of Non-structural components (culture and society) in residential architecture. The purpose of the present study is to explain the effect of different capital combinations of the middle and the upper classes on lifestyle and to analyze how the structure of houses is influenced by the way of life in the case studies. Research method: The research method is descriptive-analytical. After analyzing the spatial dimension of the houses, during a comparative review, the effect of lifestyle on the structure of houses based on capital ratios in the middle and the upper classes has been discussed. Required information is extracted through documentary studies, interviewing, observing, and field studies. Conclusion: Findings of the study shows that physical and spatial differences in the houses of the upper and middle-classes of Ardabil in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, has been influenced by the amount of their economic capital. Findings of the study shows that the people of Ardabil have been sharing each other with many components of social and cultural capitals. In the meantime, what made class differentiation was the kind of different approaches to these components. As the upper class often acted more deeply and in a sense of differentiation in the face of issues such as status, social relationships, taste, and so on. Physical-Spatial representation of these items can be seen in the entrance, facade, guestroom, service spaces, home furnishings, and the decorations of the upper and middle-class house
COMMON SOCIO-SPATIAL ASPECTS OF HISTORIC HOUSES IN ARDABIL, IRAN
8
Ardabil is one of the Azeri’s cities in northwest of Iran which is counted as one of the religious cities of the country. The remained historic houses in this city are few in number and all of them were designed by local architects for upper-class or upper-middle-class residents. The oldest house related to the 1780s (late Zand dynasty) and rest of them were designed and constructed between the years 1795 and 1929 (second half of the Qajar dynasty and Pahlavi dynasty). Since the city is located in a mountainous region with a cold climate, domestic architecture and buildings forms have significantly influenced by the climate. On the other hand, religion and its associated culture have an effective role in spatial organization of these houses as well. In this research, first, it has been attempted to decipher and identify the genotypes of the houses using space syntax methods, then by comparing basic syntactic properties and exploring the functions of main living spaces and the lifestyle of the first inhabitants or owners, common socio-spatial patterns between all cases which have affected the spatial organization of these residential buildings are studied. The results show that spatial configuration of the houses is strongly influenced by religion and relational hierarchy. Also, it has been found that the importance of public and private domains (privacy) is the most common characteristic in these houses.