Risk Factors and Management of Hyperlipidemia (Review) (original) (raw)
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Introduction to Hyperlipidemia and Its Management: A Review
Pharmacologyonline
Hyperlipidemia is caused by overabundance of lipids or fatty substances in the blood and is an important risk factor in development of atherosclerosis and heart disease. Hyperlipidemia may be caused by genetic factors or by generalized metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus, excessive alcohol intake, hypothyroidism, or primary biliary cirrhosis. Alteration in Cholesterol, trigyceride and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), which are different forms of lipids, responsible for possible complications in human body such as acute pancreatitis, occlusion of blood vessels and reduced elasticity of the lumen of the artery. Moreover risk increases with diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrosis, alcoholism, use of oral contraceptives, family history of hyperlipidemia and improper diet that is high in fat and cholesterol. Though drugs therapies available for the treatment of hyperlipidemia includes use of drug...
Comprehensive Review of Hyperlipidemia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management
International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),, 2024
Hyperlipidemia, marked by elevated blood lipid levels, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and related complications. This review delves into the intricate pathophysiology, diagnostic processes, and management strategies for hyperlipidemia. The condition arises from a complex interplay of factors, including dysregulated lipoprotein metabolism, genetic predispositions, and lifestyle influences. Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides are key contributors to atherosclerosis, the root cause of many cardiovascular diseases.Accurate diagnosis is essential and involves clinical evaluation and laboratory testing to identify lipid disorders. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach, combining lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and increased physical activity, with pharmacological treatments. Recent advancements have led to the development and approval of new therapeutic agents that target various aspects of lipoprotein metabolism to reduce lipid levels and lower cardiovascular risk. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic methods, and emerging treatments is crucial for healthcare professionals to effectively manage and prevent the substantial public health burden posed by hyperlipidemia.
A Brief Report on Hyperlipidemia and its Inducing Models
Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2023
Hyperlipidemia is a condition of having abnormalities in plasma lipids. According to the surveys done in India, urban populations are more affected by higher cholesterol levels than rural populations. Hyperlipidemia is mainly caused due to lifestyle, lack of exercise, and high-fat diet intake. It is classified based on two factors. They are on the basis of lipid type i.e., hypercholesteremia and hypertriglyceridemia, and on the basis of causing factors i.e., familial and acquired factors. In general, Hyperlipidemia can be treated by lifestyle and dietary changes. If the levels are high, medication is needed (Ayurvedic or Allopathic). The most commonly used drugs are statins and fibrates. Inducing agents are used to increase plasma lipids. These are used in in vitro and in vivo experiments mostly used inducing agents are Triton X100, Triton WR 1339, and methionine. As hyperlipidemia can be cured by switching to a healthy diet, natural home remedies can show a high impact.
Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia in Modern Medicine and Its Correlation in Unani Literature
https://ijshr.com/IJSHR\_Vol.4\_Issue.1\_Jan2019/IJSHR\_Abstract.0046.html, 2019
Dyslipidemia is defined as a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism, which includes the deficiency or overproduction of lipoproteins or can be a combination of both. The manifestation of the disorder can be seen as an elevation of plasma cholesterol or triglycerides or both or a low HDL level and sometimes a combination of all three together contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. The Pathophysiology includes any defect in the lipid metabolism either in the form of overproduction of a lipoprotein or a decrease in its catabolism i.e. LDL clearance defect, Defect in Lipolysis and Remnant removal defects etc. In Unani literature, no disease with the name of Dyslipidemia could be found, but going through the treatise one could get familiar with a disease Siman-e-mufrat which actually corresponds to dyslipidemia in many ways. Various eminent scholars have given detailed account of the disease and also, they were aware with the concept of Dasoomat-fid-dam (presence of fats in the blood). With the liability of all of them in the disease, the full-length paper will discuss in detail the pathophysiology in Modern Medicine and pathological co-relation with the diseased process of dyslipidemia in Unani Medicine. Keywords: Unani, Dyslipidemia, Siman-e-Mufrat, Pathophysiology
Review article: hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular risk
Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2005
Hyperlipidaemia represents a determinant for the development of atherosclerosis and an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, particularly in the context of the insulin resistance syndrome. This is characterized by alterations in the profile of plasma lipoprotein including high triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and the appearance of qualitatively modified, small-dense low-density lipoproteins. Many charts and algorithms have been developed to estimate the entity of coronary and cardiovascular risk as related to dyslipidaemia, on the basis of additional individual risk factors and conditions: most include age and gender, smoking status, hypertension and diabetes. They should preferably be utilized in consistent patient populations, in terms of geographical areas and general risk profile. Pharmacological treatment of dyslipidaemia, in particular with statin drugs, was shown to greatly improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A body of evidence also underlines the need for a multidisciplinary approach, integrating non-pharmacological lifestyle and diet interventions, as well as treatment of concomitant diseases (hypertension and diabetes).
Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: A consensus statement from the National Lipid Association
The term ''fat'' may refer to lipids as well as the cells and tissue that store lipid (ie, adipocytes and adipose tissue). ''Lipid'' is derived from ''lipos,'' which refers to animal fat or vegetable oil. Adiposity refers to body fat and is derived from ''adipo,'' referring to fat. Adipocytes and adipose tissue store the greatest amount of body lipids, including triglycerides and free cholesterol. Adipocytes and adipose tissue are active from an endocrine and immune standpoint. Adipocyte hypertrophy and excessive adipose tissue accumulation can promote pathogenic adipocyte and adipose tissue effects (adiposopathy), resulting in abnormal levels of circulating lipids, with dyslipidemia being a major atherosclerotic coronary heart disease risk factor. It is therefore incumbent upon lipidologists to be among the most knowledgeable in the understanding of the relationship between excessive body fat and dyslipidemia. On September 16, 2012, the National Lipid Association held a Consensus Conference with the goal of better defining the effect of adiposity on lipoproteins, how the pathos of excessive body fat (adiposopathy) contributes to dyslipidemia, and how therapies such as appropriate nutrition, increased physical activity, weight-management drugs, and bariatric surgery might be expected to impact dyslipidemia. It is hoped that the information derived from these proceedings will promote a greater appreciation among clinicians of the impact of excess adiposity and its treatment on dyslipidemia and prompt more research on the effects of interventions for improving dyslipidemia and reducing cardiovas-cular disease risk in overweight and obese patients.
Objective To review the evidence for recognition and management of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Sources of information High-quality randomized trials and meta-analyses were available to address most questions. North American and European guidelines were reviewed. Of these, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society lipid guidelines were most congruent with current literature. Main message Atherogenic dyslipidemia is characterized by low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high levels of triglycerides, and a high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle number. The condition is highly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is poorly reflected in Framingham risk score and LDL measurements. Obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are rapidly becoming more common, and are often associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia, affecting long-term CVD risk. Recognition in the office is best achieved by non-HDL or total cholesterol-HDL ratio testing. Treatment success lies in optimizing diet and exercise. Of available medications, statins produce the most benefit and can be titrated to patient tolerance rather than to LDL target levels, which have a poor evidence base. The addition of fenofibrate can be considered in patients with high triglyceride and low HDL levels who have responded poorly to or have not tolerated statins. Conclusion Growing obesity prevalence creates a CVD risk that might be missed by LDL cholesterol testing alone. Simple calculations from results of a non-fasting lipid panel produce non-HDL levels and total cholesterol-HDL ratio, both of which are superior for predicting risk in all patients. These metrics should be available in lipid panels.
Development and validation of the hyperlipidemia
Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2003
INTRODUCTION: Many patients treated with lipid-lowering medications in clinical practice do not achieve targeted National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), despite the proven efficacy of these medications. Understanding physician attitudes and beliefs about treating patients to goal may be useful in improving patient care and ensuring that all patients receive the benefits of treatments shown to be optimal in clinical trials.