The global costs and benefits of expanding Marine Protected Areas (original) (raw)
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A new typology of benefits derived from marine protected areas
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Global decline of marine resources has triggered a worldwide demand for changing the way ocean resources are managed. Ecosystem-based management approaches have emerged using marine protected areas (MPA) as the main tool. Several classifications of marine protected areas benefits have been made, but all have focused only on the benefits to humans, neglecting many important benefits accrued to nature. This paper presents a new comprehensive classification of MPA benefits that will provide scientists and managers with an inclusive framework to accurately identify and account for all possible benefits derived from MPAs. The paper also analyses the methods available for valuing these benefits. A total of 99 benefits were identified within nine main categories: fishery, non-fishery, management, education/research, cultural, process, ecosystem, population and species benefits. These categories are arranged in two main divisions (direct and indirect benefits), which, at the same time, fall within the realms of benefits to humans and to nature.
Sea change: Exploring the international effort to promote marine protected areas
Conservation and Society, 2010
including the specification that the network should include "strictly protected areas that amount to at least 20-30% of each habitat" (IUCN 2003). 2 This call for a global network of MPAs was reiterated at the 2008 World Conservation Congress (WCC), including an expressed concern that only 0.65% of the world's oceans and 1.6% of the area within the nations' exclusive economic zones are currently covered by MPAs (IUCN 2009). In short, international MPA targets are not being met (Wood et al. 2008). The number of MPAs worldwide has increased from 118 in 1970 (Kelleher 1999) to an estimated 4435 as of 2006 (Wood et al. 2008). Although conservationists lament the slow rate at which MPAs are being created and the small fraction of the world's oceans included in such areas, 4435 is not an insignificant number. Social scientists have, in fact, described the rapid spread of MPAs as a 'pandemic' (Jentoft et al. 2007) and one of the most important factors in the ongoing transformation of the international seascape (Nichols 1999). This series of statistics serves three purposes as an introduction to this paper. First, it highlights the many very real challenges facing the marine environment and the human communities who depend on it for their livelihoods. Second, it
Managing Risks to Biodiversity and the Environment on …, 2001
The threat to biodiversity on the high seas is a typical example for the "tragedy of the commons". The biggest part of the planet, the so-called high sea, lies beyond national jurisdiction and, hence, no law except for the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) applies to the oceans. And UNCLOS, unfortunately, does not provide easily for conservation measures on the high seas but, instead, stresses the principle of the freedom of the sea.
Marine protected areas--substantiating their worth
Marine Policy, 2010
With the UK Marine Bill promoting the creation of a network of marine protected areas and similar commitments in other countries there is a need for tools to assist in their design and management. Although physical science often drives designation, the implementation of marine protected areas also encompasses political and socio-economic issues. This paper focuses on one tool in the armoury of decision-makers: choice experiments. It illustrates its application to the quantification of aspects of socio-economic value not readily ...