Improved prediction of bone mineral content and density (original) (raw)
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Pediatric Radiology, 2004
Background: Normative bone mineral density (BMD) values for adults do not apply to the pediatric population because of dramatic and variable rates of bone mineral acquisition that take place throughout adolescence. Objective: This study was designed to provide normative BMD values for the lumbar spine and femoral neck by age, weight, and race in female adolescents for use by clinicians. Materials and methods: The study population comprised 422 healthy adolescent girls aged 12–18 years recruited from four primary-care clinics. BMD measurements were performed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Results: The major statistical predictors of lumbar spine BMD and femoral neck BMD were race, chronological age, and weight. There was an increase in both lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD that paralleled an increase in age and weight. In addition, the lumbar spine BMD and the femoral neck BMD were higher in the black participants than in the non-black participants with mean BMD values in grams per centimeter squared of 1.02 and 0.98, respectively, for blacks and 0.96 and 0.89, respectively, for non-blacks (P<0.001). Conclusion: Our study produced the largest set of lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD normative values for female adolescents and confirms the importance of both demographic and anthropomorphic variables in determining normative BMD values.
Prediction Models for Bone Mineral Content in School-Aged Childrena
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006
One major limitation of using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in children is the lack of adequate reference standards or prediction models for growth. Age-adjusted references for a This work is a publication of the USDA/ARS Children'
Prediction models for bone mineral content in school-aged children
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
One major limitation of using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in children is the lack of adequate reference standards or prediction models for growth. Age-adjusted references for a This work is a publication of the USDA/ARS Children'
Bone mineral density and content in adolescent girls
Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 2011
The aim of the present study was to characterize bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) in Brazilian adolescent girls according to age and pubertal stage. A total of 329 girls ranging in age from 10 to 20 years participated in this study. Body weight, height, body mass index, pubertal stage, race, daily calcium intake, and time spent per week performing moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) were evaluated. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD and BMC were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used to identify differences in bone mass between ages and pubertal stages (p≤0.05). The daily calcium intake reported by the adolescents was inadequate, corresponding to only 26-47% of the recommended allowance (1,300 mg/day). On the other hand, weekly MVPA was higher than that recommended for adolescents. Significant differences in BMD and BMC were observed for girls aged 10-14 years. In addition, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD was 58 and 31% higher in postpubertal girls, respectively, when compared to prepubertal adolescents.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998
Background: Techniques for cross-calibration of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) between manufacturers of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instruments are currently inadequate for total body measurements. Therefore, manufacturer-specific data for BMC and BMD in children are needed. Objective: We provided age-and sex-specific means and SDs for total-body and regional BMC and areal BMD in 8-18-y-old white children. Design: BMC and BMD of the head, arms, legs, pelvis, spine, and total body were determined by DXA. Data include 465 annual measurements from 148 healthy children with body weights between 30 and 100 kg and statures < 190 cm. Results: There were significant sex differences in BMC at ages 15-18 y for the total body and legs, at ages 12 and 15-18 y for arms and pelvis, at ages 11-13 and 16-18 y for the spine, and at ages 10-11 y for the head. There were significant sex differences in BMD at ages 16-18 y for total body, arms, and legs; at ages 12-13 and 16-18 y for the pelvis; at ages 12-14 and 18 y for the spine; and at ages 13-18 y for the head. Conclusions: Data presented in this investigation can be used to compare the BMC and BMD of 8-18-y-old white children (with statures < 190 cm and body weights between 30 and 100 kg) using DXA.
PLOS ONE, 2017
Background The Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard for measuring BMD and bone mineral content (BMC). In general, DXA is ideal for pediatric use. However, the development of specific standards for particular geographic regions limits its use and application for certain socio-cultural contexts. Additionally, the anthropometry may be a low cost and easy to use alternative method in epidemiological contexts. The goal of our study was to develop regression equations for predicting bone health of children and adolescents based on anthropometric indicators to propose reference values based on age and sex. Methods 3020 students (1567 males and 1453 females) ranging in ages 4.0 to 18.9 were studied from the Maule Region (Chile). Anthropometric variables evaluated included: weight, standing height, sitting height, forearm length, and femur diameter. A total body scan (without the head) was conducted by means of the Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Bone mineral density (BMD) and the bone mineral content (BMC) were also determined. Calcium consumption was controlled for by recording the intake of the three last days prior to the evaluation. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated, and somatic maturation was determined by using the years of peak growth rate (APHV). Results Four regression models were generated to calculate bone health: for males BMD = (R 2 = 0.79) and BMC = (R 2 = 0.84) and for the females BMD = (R 2 = 0.76) and BMC = (R 2 = 0.83). Percentiles were developed by using the LMS method (p3, p5, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p95 and p97).
Whole body bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1998
Data from healthy children are needed to evaluate bone mineralisation during childhood. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area were examined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (Hologic 1000/W) in healthy girls (n=201) and boys (n=142) aged 5-19 years. Centile curves for bone area for age, BMC for age, bone area for height, and BMC for bone area were constructed using the LMS method. Bone mineral density calculated as BMC/bone area is not useful in children as it is significantly influenced by bone size. Instead, it is proposed that bone mineralisation is assessed in three steps: height for age, bone area for height, and BMC for bone area. These three steps correspond to three diVerent causes of reduced bone mass: short bones, narrow bones, and light bones.
Rheumatology International, 2012
Interventions directed to the recognition of abnormal bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and body composition in the pediatric age require the definition of factors influencing bone mass acquisition during growth. We have evaluated in a cross-sectional manner by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry the impact of sex, age, puberty, and physical activity on total body areal bone mineral density, regional (lumbar and femoral) bone mineral densities, bone mineral content, and body composition (fat mass and lean mass) in a cohort of 359 healthy Italian children aged 3-14 years and investigated their specific contribution to bone mass accrual. Statistical multiple regression analysis was performed dividing the population in pre-and post-pubertal groups. Bone mineral density at the lumbar spine has resulted equally distributed in both sexes before puberty while has resulted higher at the femoral necks in males at whatever age. A significant effect on bone mass acquisition was exerted by male sex and lean mass. In the areas where the cortical bone is prevalent, males of the pre-pubertal group have presented the highest values; in the areas where the cancellous bone is prevalent, both sexes were equivalent until the age of 9 years, but after this age, females have presented higher increases, probably related to the inferior dimensional development of lumbar vertebrae. Conclusively, male sex and lean mass seem to represent independent predictors of bone mass accrual in the cortical bone of the examined children, while female sex and pubertal maturation are independent predictors of bone mass accrual in the trabecular bone.
… American journal of …, 2004
Background: Prophylactic interventions against osteoporosis require a determination of the factors that influence the accumulation of bone mass during growth. Objective: The objective was to determine the independent sexspecific contribution of lean mass and fat mass to bone mineral content (BMC), after adjustment for anthropometric variables and lifestyle factors, in healthy children and adolescents. Design: Healthy schoolchildren (184 boys and 179 girls) aged 10 -17 y (x Ȁ SD: 13.0 Ȁ 2.1 y) participated in this cross-sectional study. Total and regional (lumbar spine, femoral neck, and distal one-third of the radius) BMC and body composition were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: A significant effect of anthropometric variables and lifestyle factors on BMC was observed at all skeletal sites. Lean mass and fat mass showed robust correlations with BMC, even after adjustment for anthropometric variables and lifestyle factors. Lean mass contributed to 6 -12% of the variance in BMC in boys and to 4 -10% in girls. Fat mass accounted for 0.1-2% of BMC variance in boys and to 0.1-6.5% in girls. Conclusions: Both lean mass and fat mass are consistent predictors of BMC at multiple skeletal sites in healthy children and adolescents. The contribution of lean mass to BMC variance was larger in boys than in girls. In both sexes, the highest contribution of lean mass to BMC was observed at the femoral neck.