Informing flexible abbreviation expansion for users with motor disabilities (original) (raw)
Related papers
A probabilistic flexible abbreviation expansion system for users with motor disabilities
2005
In this paper we describe the initial design, training and evaluation of a prototype system enabling the automatic and flexible expansion of an abbreviated, typed text input, into a reconstructed sentence. The system's target user group is cognitively unimpaired users with motor disabilities, for whom typing can be slow and tiring. It is intended that, by reducing the number of keystrokes required to generate a sentence, without imposing a rigid correspondence between abbreviation and full word, their typed communication might be made more comfortable and expansive. The system employs several techniques and statistics, including vowel deletion, phonetic replacement, and word truncation, extracted from two studies of the methods used by people in abbreviation. Encouraging initial results and evaluation are discussed, along with planned future work.
TrueKeys: Identifying and correcting typing errors for people with motor impairments
2008
ABSTRACT People with motor impairments often have difficulty typing using desktop keyboards. We developed TrueKeys, a system that combines models of word frequency, keyboard layout, and typing error patterns to automatically identify and correct typing mistakes. In this paper, we describe the TrueKeys algorithm, compare its performance to existing correction algorithms, and report on a study of TrueKeys with 9 motor-impaired and 9 non-impaired participants.
Implementing linguistic text anticipation in a writing device for the disabled
1989
The advent of the microcomputer has provided the severely handicapped with the means to create text. Instead of using a keyboard, the disabled typist is able to scan and select linguistic items with an appropriate input switch. The resulting communication rate is, however, slow for writing and impractical for conversation. prohibitively A variety of techniques is used to improve this rate and range from 'static letter matrices to more sophisticated methods in which words and phrases are anticipated. Although many anticipatory methods claim to be linguis~ically based, most, if not all, depend solely on letter and word frequency statistics. 6 COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS Communication can be divided into expressive and receptive communication. Expressive communication refers to the formulation, encoding and sending of messages whereas receptive communication refers to the interception, decoding and understanding of messages. Impaired expressive communication indicates a difficulty in communication output (Creech, 1984). This may arise as a result of a motor disability affecting speech and/or physical movementse.g. cerebral palsy, amytrophic lateral scle~osis (ALS)or an inability to convert thoughts into words e.g. expressive aphasia. Writing is another form of expressive communication and can be impeded by motor, visual and mental disabilities. A loss of hearing, visual impairment, and the inability to understand language-e.g. receptive aphasia-can all lead to a receptive communication handicap. A communication problem may be due to sensory, psychological or physical (motor) impairments. 7 mental, Sensory Impairment An individual with a hearing impairment experiences difficulty in both receptive (hearing) and expressive (spoken) communication. A visually disabled person also has difficulty with both expressive and receptive forms of communication. The person with a hearing loss, however, has a conversational impairment whereas the visually disabled person cannot read or write. Various communication systems enable the deaf and the blind to overcome their communication problems. Unaided systems, e.g. sign language, provide conversation for the deaf (Vanderheiden & Lloyd, 1986), while braille provides an aided written communication system for the blind (Arditi & Gillman, 1986). Development of technology provides more and more sophisticated systems such as film subtitling, telecommunication devices and cochlear implants for the deaf (Damper et al, 1979; Hoyt, 1985; Loomis et al, 1983; Minneman, 1~84) and braille input-output (I/0) devices for the blind (Grossner et al, 1983; Fant, 1982; Stoffel, 1982). Mental Impairment The delay in the development of speech and motor control affects the communication of the mentally retarded individual. Gesture, sign and symbolic communication languages, are used to provide conversation for individuals with language and motor delays (Meyers, 1983). 8 Microcomputers can be used to provide a slow, repetitive medium for teaching, as well as providing a' means to simulate real-world situations, through the use of graphics and speech synthesis (Young, 1983). Psychological Impairment Communication handicaps can result from a psychological disability. Autism is one such disability in which communication can be severely impaired. Sign language and graphic communication boards are used to facilitate communication when the autistic individual is reluctant to engage in direct communication (Scrimshaw). The microcomputer has proved a motivating factor in breaking. down this barrier,by providing a non-threatening environment for social interaction (Papert, 1980). Physical Impairment Physical impairments often result in limited communication when the motor control of oral and limb function is impaired. Physical disfigurement, paralysis, spasticity and uncontrolled movements can impede spoken and/or written communication. Handicapping conditions caused by neurological damage (e.g. spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA stroke)), degenerative conditions (e.g. amytrophic lateral sclerosis and muscular dystrophy), and physical trauma (e.g. vocal• chord damage). All have devastating effects on communication. 9 which might include a number of the impairments mentioned above. This dissertation addresses those communication handicaps which result primarily Unless otherwise indicated, terms refer to physical disability. COMMUNICATION NEEDS from physical impairments. relating to disability will Communication is fundamental to interpersonal interaction and occurs in response to several communication needs (Vanderheiden, 1983; Vanderheiden & Lloyd, 1986). These needs can be summarized as follows: The communication of basic needs necessitates the transfer of essential information in a quick and easy and way which can be readily understood (MacDonald, 1980; McNaughton, 1985). Conversation also depends on a sufficiently fast rate of communication to facilitate functional interaction. Any restriction on the communication rate diminishes the quality of conversation (Vanderheiden, 1983). 10 Writing and messaging describe permanent forms of ' conununication. An ability to create text is essential for school work •and occupational requirements (Vanderheiden, 1983). The speed at which written text is produced, is not as crucial as in the communication of basic needs and conversation, as it does not primarily involve human interaction. However, it is still an important consideration as more rapid machine communication can contribute towards greater efficiency in ergonomic terms. Drawing allows for perceptual, psychological and recreational development by providing creative exploration, allowing expression of feelings and providing pictorial and graphic representation of facts and ideas (Papert, 1980; Weir et al., 1982). The emergence of the computer age has created new communication needs and opportunities. Electronic communication in the form of bulletin boards, data banks, information retrieval, electronic payments, and work opportunities (Pilgrim), all require some type of computer access-. Environmental control systems are to b~ found in any home, e.g. remote controls used to change television channels and to open electric garage doors. The availability of these systems has provided the severely disabled with the means to control their own environment for the first time (Boonzaier & Kleviansky,
Automatic Abbreviation Generation The Adaptive Flexible Abbreviation Expander
2008
A major drawback of fixed abbreviation schemes is the cost of cognitive load or lookup time imposed on the user. An expander that does not require a predefined abbreviation scheme, can deal efficiently with a set of well-defined abbreviations for a word, and can adapt to both the user's preferences and vocabulary, has the promise of giving the user an effective means for realizing meaningful keystroke savings. The basic model of the expansion is that as the user types each letter of the abbreviation, the expander presents, separate from the text, a menu of some number of possible expansions for the abbreviation so far. The user then presses a key associated with the desired expansion. If the desired expansion is not presented, the user either types a special key for more expansions, or types another letter of the abbreviation. The expander then records this selection and replaces the abbreviation with the expansion. This model is intended only to demonstrate the expander's...
C-PAK: Correcting and Completing Variable-length Prefix-based Abbreviated Keystrokes
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
Improving keystroke savings is a long-term goal of text input research. We present a study into the design space of an abbreviated style of text input called C-PAK (Correcting and completing variable-length Prefix-based Abbreviated Keystrokes) for text entry on mobile devices. Given a variable length and potentially inaccurate input string (e.g. “li g t m”), C-PAK aims to expand it into a complete phrase (e.g. “looks good to me”). We develop a C-PAK prototype keyboard, PhraseWriter , based on a current state-of-the-art mobile keyboard consisting of 1.3 million n-grams and 164,000 words. Using computational simulations on a large dataset of realistic input text, we found that, in comparison to conventional single-word suggestions, PhraseWriter improves the maximum keystroke savings rate by 6.7% (from \(46.3\% \) to \(49.4\% \) ), reduces the word error rate by 14.7%, and is particularly advantageous for common phrases. We conducted a lab study of novice user behavior and performance ...
Automatic Text Simplification for People with Intellectual Disabilities
Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, 2017
Text simplification (TS) aims to reduce the lexical and structural complexity of a text, while still retaining the semantic meaning. Current automatic TS techniques are limited to either lexical-level applications or manually defining a large amount of rules. In this paper, we propose to simplify text from both level of lexicons and sentences. We conduct preliminary experiments to find that our approach shows promising results.
Proceedings of the 2003 EACL Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods - TextEntry '03, 2003
This paper describes the GazeTalk augmentative and alternative communications (AAC) system, and presents results from two user studies of initial typing rates among novice users. GazeTalk supports a wide range of configurations, including several variants of probabilistic or ambiguous/clustered keyboards. The language model used in GazeTalk is based on a corpus constructed on the basis of text extracted from Usenet discussion groups. The results from the user studies indicated that the predictionbased input system was less efficient than a static layout. However, user comments suggest that this was mainly caused by design related factors. In the next design iteration, we aim to improve the design by eliminating the problems and to increase the quality of the language model by using a significantly larger training corpus.
Accessible Handheld And Desktop Text Entry For People With Motor Impairments
2005
ABSTRACT In recent years there has been much effort to make desktop computers more accessible to people with motor impairments. However, computing today increasingly takes place off the desktop on small handheld devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones. But little attention has been paid to making these devices accessible, particularly to those who have motor impairments such as tremor or spasm.