A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF COASTAL GUJARAT AND KONKAN: REVISITING SPATIAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS (Part II) (original) (raw)

2005, PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Mumbai, 2005 (Guide: Dr Swapna Banerjee-Guha)

Abstract

Any part of space, due to its specific potentialities becomes important for a group of users during a specific point of time. Use of such spatial attributes by groups of varied culture makes the place activated leading to a series of changes in society and economy having distinct spatial manifestations. Social processes, thus, can be analysed with a perspective of space-time convergence. It suggests that space is produced, reproduced and structured by different processes over time. The present research has attempted to apply this concept of space-time convergence to investigate the processes through which urban cultural landscape was produced in coastal Gujarat and Konkan and how people in cities of this region produced their own urban spaces. The residents in the cities - merchants, small traders, artisans, local officers and common people - had their own aspirations, motives and needs. The aspirations of the city dwellers were the reflections of the era that was characterised by long distance overland and overseas trade on the one hand and the local networks of production, on the other. These temporal reflections were manifested in the ways in which the city space was organised. The research focuses on the process of making of heterogeneous socio-cultural spaces at specific time scales and attempts to analyse the process of evolution and growth of urban landscape in western India, especially in coastal Gujarat and Konkan (the study area) and examines the underlying spatiality of the growth process of urban centres in the region, especially from 1500 AD to 1800 AD. The study examines the process of growth of coastal Gujarat and Konkan as a heterogeneous cultural space and highlights the formidable forces that controlled the socio-spatial relations of this region, giving rise to a specific cultural landscape from time to time. Accordingly, parameters like economic land use, architecture, house types, language, cuisine, dress types, etc. that characterised the medieval and pre-modern urban landscapes of the region have been included as a part of the analysis, as and when needed. Few selected cities from the period under review have also been discussed in depth. Finally, the study specifically attempts to examine the linkages between spatial forms and social relations with a focus on the contemporary approaches of historical geographical analysis. Researches in historical geography on urban issues have been carried out extensively in other countries. Although, these works have focused only the countries of the North, a large number of themes have been handled by them. In India, however, researches in historical geography are especially scanty and the available works are in the form of papers in various geographical journals or edited books. Substantive works on the theme are almost absent. The existing works are merely descriptive and remain peripheral to the analytical body of contemporary historical geography. Substantive academic research in historical geography establishing a stronger relationship between socio-spatial structures and temporal perspectives is thus the need of the hour. The present study specifically intends to fill this gap. It critically examines the historical socio-spatial processes that shaped the urban cultural landscape of a part of western India at different spatial and temporal scales, with the perspective of space-time convergence.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (561)

  1. Elliot, T. (1944): 'Little Giddings', in 'Four Quartets', Faber and Faber, UK, pp.
  2. Mills, C. (1959);
  3. 'The Sociological Imagination', The Oxford University Press, New York.
  4. Harvey, D. (1975): 'Social Processes and Spatial Forms: An Analysis of the Conceptual Problems of Urban Planning', in E. Jones (ed), 'Readings in Social Geography', Oxford University Press, London, pp. 228-306.
  5. Das Gupta, A. (1979): 'Indian Merchants and the Decline of Surat, c. 1700- 1750', Wiesbaden.
  6. Lefebvre, H. (1974): 'The Production of Space', Translated by D. Nicholson- Smith, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
  7. Soja, E. (1985): 'The Spatiaht}'^ of Social Life: Towards a Transformative Retheorisation', in D. Gregory and J. Urry (eds), 'Sodal Relations and Spatial Structures', Macmillan, London, pp. 90-127.
  8. Harvey, D. (1975): Ibid. Op. dt.
  9. Lefebvre, H. (1974): Ibid.
  10. Miu:die, R. (1969): 'Factorial Ecology of MetropoKtan Toronto, 1951-61', Research Papers No. 116, Departtnent of Geography, University of Chicago, Chicago.
  11. Gregory, D. (1978): 'Ideology, Science and Human Geography', Hutchinson, London.
  12. Schaefer, F. (1953): 'Exceptionalism in Geography; A Methodological Examination', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 43, pp. 226-249.
  13. Parkes, D. and Thrift, N. (1980);
  14. 'Times, Spaces and Places: A Chronogeographic Perspective', John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
  15. Lefebvre, H. (1974): Ibid.
  16. Ward, D. and Radford, P. (1983): 'North American Cities in the Victorian Age', Historical Geography Research Series No. 12, Geo Books, Norwich.
  17. Soja, E. (1985);
  18. Ibid.
  19. Baker, A. (2003): 'Geography and History: Bridging the Divide', Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  20. Das Gupta, A. (2001a): 'Indian Merchants and the Western Indian Ocean: The Early Seventeenth Centur}'', in A. Das Gupta, 'The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800, Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, N ew Delhi, pp. 279-299.
  21. Lefebvre, H. (1974): Ibid.
  22. Karmarkar, D. (2003): 'Understanding the Evolution of the Socio-Cultural Space in Ahmedabad City', Unpublished Research Paper, 11*^ Annual Conference, The Bombay Geographical Association, M umbai Prakash, O. (1996): 'The Dutch Factory at Vengurla in the Seventeenth Century', in A. Kulkami, et al (eds), 'M edieval Deccan History', Popular Prakashan, Bombay, pp. 185-191.
  23. Das Gupta, A. (2001b): 'Indian Merchants in the A ge of Partnership, c. 1500- 1800', in A. Das Gupta, 'The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800, Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, N ew Delhi, pp. 122-133.
  24. b as Gupta, A. (1979): Ibid.
  25. Das Gupta, A. (1987): 'India and the Indian Ocean in the Eighteenth Centuiy', in A. Das Gupta and M. Pearson (eds), 'India and the Indian Ocean, c. 1500- 1800', Oxford University Press, Calcutta, pp. 131-161.
  26. Chakrabarti, D. (1995): 'The Archeology of Ancient Indian Cities', Oxford University Press, N ew Delhi.
  27. Chakrabarti, D. (1995): Ibid.
  28. Acharya, B. and Shingane, V. (1889): 'Mumbaicha Vritant', Maharashtra Rajya SahityaSanskrutiMandal, Bombay. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (1882): 'Thane District', Vol. XUI, Part II, Government Photozincographic Press, Pune.
  29. Gokhale, B. (1976): 'Buddhism in Maharashtra: A History', Popular Prakashan, Mxmibai.
  30. Sharma, R. (1987): 'Urban Decay in India, c. 300-1000', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, Delhi.
  31. Jain, V. (1987): 'The Role of the Arab Traders in Western India During Early M edieval Period', in B. Chattopadhyay, (ed), 'Essays in Ancient Indian Economic History', Vol. II, Munshiram Manoharlal I^blishers, N ew Delhi, pp. 164-74.
  32. Tibbetts, G. (1971): 'Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming Of the Portuguese', the Royal Asiatic Society o f Great Britain and Ireland, London.
  33. Chandra, S. (1997): 'M edieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals -Delhi Sultanat', Vol. 1, Har-Anand Publications, N ew Delhi.
  34. Habib, I. (2001): 'The Economic History of M edieval India: A S irrve/, Tulika, N ew Delhi.
  35. N aim e, A. (1894): 'History of the Konkan', Central Government Press, Bombay.
  36. Das Gupta, A. (2001a): Ibid. Op. cit.
  37. Naqvi, H. (1972): 'Urbanisation and Urban Centres under the Great Mughals, 1556-1707', Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla.
  38. Das Gupta, A. (1987): Ibid. Op. cit.
  39. Habib, I. (1963): 'The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556-1707', Oxford University Press, N ew Delhi.
  40. Habib/ I. (1995): 'Potentials of Capitalistic Developm ent in the Economy of Mughal India', in I. Habib (ed), 'Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception', Tulika, N ew Delhi, pp. 180-232.
  41. Khobrekar, V. (2002): 'Konkcm: From the Earliest to 1818 AD', Snehvardhan Publishing House, Pime.
  42. Mathew, K. (1986): 'Portuguese and the Sultanat of Gujfirat, 1500-1573', Mittal Publications, Delhi.
  43. Das Gupta, A. (1982): 'Indian Merchants aiid Trade in the Indian Ocean, c.1500-1800', in T. Raychaudhnri and I. Habib (eds), 'The Cambridge Economic History of India, c. 1200-1750', Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, N ew Delhi, pp. 407-433.
  44. Tikekar, A. (2004): 'Stlial-Kal', Mauj Prakashan, Mumbai.
  45. Pearson, M. (2003): 'The Indian Ocean', Routledge, London.
  46. Karmarkar, D. (2004): 'Changing Socio-Cultural Space of Vasai: Pre- Portuguese and Portuguese Era', Occasional Papers, Issue no. 1, The Bombay Geographical Association, Miunbai, pp. 1-10.
  47. Kail, O. (1981):' The Dutch in India', McMillan India Ltd., N ew Delhi.
  48. Chakrabarti, D. (2003): 'The Archeology of European Expansion in India: Gujarat, c. 16'>^18"' Centuries', Aryan Books International, N ew Delhi. Tikekar, A. (2004): Ibid.
  49. Gordon, S. (1993): 'The Marathas, 1600-1818', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (Reprint by Foundation Books, Delhi).
  50. Gordon, S* (1993): Ibid.
  51. Gordon, S. (1993): Ibid.
  52. N aim e, A. (1894): Ibid.
  53. Marshall, P. (1993): 'Trade and Coiiqu^fc Studies on the Rise of British Dominance in India', Variorum, UK.
  54. Amin, S. (1977): 'Imperialism and Unequal Developm ent', Harvester Press, Sussex.
  55. Marshall, P. (1993): Ibid.
  56. Kosambi, M. (1993): 'Colonial Urban Transformation in India', in M. Hasan and N. Gupta (eds), 'India's Colonial Encounter: Essays in Memory of Eric Stokes', Manohar, N ew Delhi, pp. 203-235.
  57. Farooqui, A. (1996): 'Urban Development in a Colonial Situation: Early Nineteenth Century B om b a/, Econpmic and Political Weekly, Vol. 31, No. 40, pp. 2746-2759.
  58. Norton, W. (1984): 'Historical Analysis in Geography', Longman Group Ltd., N ew York.
  59. Sauer, C. (1925): 'The Morphology Of Landscape', University of California Publications in Geography, Vol. 2, pp. 19-54.
  60. Gregory, D. (1978): Ibid.
  61. Schaefer, F. (1953): Ibid. Op. cit.
  62. Van Leur, J. (1955): 'Indonesian Trade and Society: Essays in Asian Social and Economic History', The Hague, Peet, R. (1998): 'M odem Geographical Thought', Blackwell, Oxford.
  63. Unwin, T. (1992): 'The Place of Geography', Longman Scientific and Technical, UK.
  64. Peet, R. (1998): Ibid.
  65. Gregory, D. (1978): Ibid.
  66. Guelke, (1974): 'An Idealist Alternative in Human Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, VoL 64, pp. 193-202.
  67. Peet, R. (1998): Ibid.
  68. Peet, R. (1977): 'Radical Geography: Alternative Viewpoints on Contemporary Social Issues', Maaroufa Press, Chicago.
  69. Peet, R. (1998): Ibid.
  70. Harvey, D. (1973): 'Sodal Justice and the City', John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  71. Norton, W. (1984): Ibid.
  72. Althusser, L. (1969): 'For Marx', Penguin, Hannondsworth.
  73. Peet, R. (1998): Ibid.
  74. Peet, R. and Thrift, N. (1989): 'PoHtical Economy and Human Geography', in R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds), 'N ew . M odels in Geography', Vol. I, Unwin H}anan, UK, pp. 3-29.
  75. Duncan, J. and Ley, D. (1982): 'Structural M a i^m and Human Geography: A Critical Assessment', Annals of the Association o f American Geographers, Vol. 72, pp. 30-59.
  76. Gregory, D. (1978): Ibid.
  77. Peet, R. and Thrift, N. (1989): Ibid. Op. d t Peet, R. and Thrift, N. (1989): Ibid. Op. d t.
  78. Graham, B. and Nash, C. (2000): 'Modern Historical Geographies', (eds), Pearson Education Limited, London, Graham, B. and Nash, C. (2000): Ibid.
  79. Peet, R. and Thrift, N. (1989): Ibid. Op. d t Banerjee-Guha, S. (1992): 'Geography of Political Economy; Some Understanding in India', National Geographical Journal of India, VoL 38, pp. 129-136.
  80. Harris, R. (1991): 'Power, Modernity and Historical Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, VoL 81, pp. 671-683.
  81. Das Gupta, A. (1982): Ibid. Op. dt.
  82. Baker, A. (2003): Ibid.
  83. MitcheU, D. (2000): 'Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction' Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
  84. Banerjee-Guha, S. (2004): 'Spatial Hermeneutics o f Sodal Processes', in S. Banerjee-Guha (ed), 'Space, Sodety and Geography', Rawat Publications, Jaipur, pp. 15-33.
  85. Munsi, S. (1980): 'Geography of Transportation in Eastern India under the British Raj', Centre for Studies in Social Sdences, Calcutta.
  86. Banerjee-Guha, S. (1992): Ibid. Op. d t.
  87. Ahmad, A, (1999): 'Social Geography', Rawat Publishers, Jaipur.
  88. Harvey, D. (1982): 'On the History and Present Condition of Geography: A Historical Materialist Manifesto', Professional Geographer, Vol. 34, pp. 1-11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
  89. Abu-Lughod, J. (1989): 'Before European Hegemony: the World System, AD 1250-135(r, New York.
  90. Acharya, B. and Shingane, V. (1889): 'Mumbaicha Vritant', Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskruti Mandal (Reprint), Bombay.
  91. Ahmad, A. (1979): 'Historiccil Geography', in M. Raza (ed), 'A Survey of Research in Geography, 1969-1972', Indian Covmdl of Social Science Research, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, pp. 133-142.
  92. Ahmad, A. (1999): 'Social Geography, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
  93. Ahmad, A. and Raza, M. (1983): 'Historical Geography', in S. Alam, (ed), 'A Survey of Research in Geography, 1972-1975', Indian Council of Social Science Research, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp. 85-100.
  94. Alam, M. (1986): 'The Crisis of Empire in Mughal India', Delhi.
  95. Ali, S. (1966): 'The Geography of the Piu-anas', People's Publishing House, New Delhi.
  96. Ali, S. (1995): 'African Dispersal in the Deccan', Orient Longn\an, New Delhi.
  97. Althusser, L. (1969): 'For Marx', Penguin, Harmondsworth.
  98. Amin, S. (1977): 'Imperialism and Unequal Development', Harvester Press, Sussex.
  99. Andaya, B. and Andaya, L. (1982): 'A History of Malaysia', London.
  100. Anderson, K. (1991): 'Vancouver's China Town: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980', McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal.
  101. Anderson, P. (1854): 'The English in Western India' London.
  102. Apte, B. (1973): 'A History of Maratha Navy and Merchant Ships', Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskruti Mandal, Mumbai.
  103. Arasaratnam, S. (1986): 'Merchants, Companies and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast, 1650-1740', N ew Delhi.
  104. Arasaratnam, S. (1987);'India and the Indian Ocean in Seventeen C en tu r/, in A. Das Gupta and M. Pearson (eds)'India aind the Indian Ocean: 1500-1700', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 94-130.
  105. Arasaratnarrv S. (1994): 'Maritime India in Seventeenth Century', Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  106. Arasratnam, S. and Ray, A. (1994): 'Masulipatoam and Cambay: A History of Two Port Towns, 1500-1800', Mtmshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
  107. Arnold, D. (1996): 'The Problem of Nature: Enviroruneni;, Culture and Europeem Expansion', Blackwell, Oxford.
  108. Anmachalam, B. (2002): 'Use of Imagery in Reconstruction of the Past -A Case Study of Sopara', Indian Cartographer, VoL 21, pp. 342-346.
  109. Anmachalam, B. (2004): 'Mimibai by the Sea', MHS-7, Maritime History Society, Mumbai.
  110. Ashrafyan, K. (1985): 'The Ancient and Medieval Towns of India', Unpublished Paper, Indian Council of Historical Research, N ew Delhi.
  111. Bagchi, A. (1982): 'The Political Economy of Underdevelopment', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  112. Baker, A. (1966): 'Field Systems in the Vale of Holmesdale', Agricxiltural History Review, Vol. 14, pp. 386-92.
  113. Baker, A. (1968): 'A Note on the Retrogressive and Retrospective Approaches in Historical Geography', Erdkunde, Vol. 22, pp. 243-44.
  114. Baker, A. (1972): 'Progress in Historical Geography', (ed), David and Charles, Newton Abbot, Baker, A. (1982): 'Book Review', Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 98-99.
  115. Baker, A. (1984): 'Reflections on the Relations of Historical Geography and the Annales School of History^, in A. Baker and D. Gregory (eds), 'Explorations in Historical Geography: Interpretative Essays', Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography No. 5, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-27.
  116. Baker, A. (2003): 'Geography aiid Hisiory: Bridging the Divide', Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  117. Baker, A. and Billinge, M. (1982); 'Period and Place: Research Methods in Historical Geography', (eds), Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography No. 1, Cambridge Uiuversity Press, Cambridge.
  118. Baker, A. and Gregory, D. (1984): 'Explorations in Historical Geography;
  119. Interpretative Essays', (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  120. Banerjee-Guha, S. (1992); 'Geography of Political Economy; Some Understanding on India', National Geographical Journal of India, VoL 39, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi, pp. 129-136.
  121. Banerjee-Guha, S. (1997); 'Spatial Dynamics of International Capital', Orient Longman, Hyderabad.
  122. Banerjee-Guha, S. (2002): 'Critical Geographical Praxis, Globalisation and Socio- Spatial Disorder', Economic and Political Weekly, VoL 37, No. 44-45, pp. 4503- 4509.
  123. Banerjee-Guha, S. (2002): 'Shifting Cities: Urban Restructuring in Miunbai in the Globalisation Era', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 121-125.
  124. Banerjee-Guha, S. (2004); 'Spatial Hermeneutics of Social Processes', in S. Banerjee-Guha (ed), 'Space, S ^e t y and Geography', Rawat Publications, Jaipiu-, pp. 15-33.
  125. Banerjee-Guha, S. and Guhathakxurta, S. (2004): 'Interaction, Exchange and the Dynamics of Linguistic Acculturation -Portuguese Loan-Words in Bengali and Marathi Languages', in N. Grover and K. Singh (eds), 'Cioltural Geography; Form "and Process', Concept Publishing Company, N ew Delhi, pp. 253-267.
  126. Banga, I. (1992): 'Ports and Hinterlands in India, 1700-1950', Manohar, New Delhi.
  127. Banga, I. (1994);
  128. 'The City in Indian History: Urban Demography, Society and Politics', Manohar, New Delhi.
  129. Banga, K. (1973): 'An Historical Geography of the Homeland of the Gonds, 1505- 1605', CRD Papers, Jawaharlal Nehru-University, N ew Delhi. Barrow, I. (2003): 'Making History, Drawing Territory, British Mapping in India, c.1756-1905', Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  130. Barrow, I. (2003): 'Making History, Drawing Territory, British Mapping in India, 1756-1905', Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  131. Basu, D. (1985): 'The Rise and Growth of the Colonial Port Cities iim Asia', University of California Press, Berkeley.
  132. Bayly, C. (1988): 'Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire', The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  133. Bayly, C. (1998): 'Van Leur and the Indian Eighteenth Century', in L. Blusse and F. Gaastra (eds), 'On the Eighteenth Century as a Category of Asian History: Van Leur in Retrospect', Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 289-302.
  134. Betham, R. (1908): 'Marathas and Dekhani Musalmans', Handbooks for the Indian Army, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.
  135. Bhan, K. (1992): 'Late Harappan Gujarat', Eastern Anthropologist, Vol. 45, pp. 173-93.
  136. Bhargava, M. (1964): 'The Geography of Rigvedic India', Luckhnow.
  137. Blache, V. (1926): 'Principles of Hxmian G eograph/, London.
  138. Bloch, M. (1929): 'Une Monographie Geographique: Les Pays du Rhone Moyen', Annales d'histoire economique et sociale, VoL 1, pp. 606-11.
  139. Blusse, L. and Gaastra, F. (1998): 'The Eighteenth Century as a Category in Asian History', in L. Blusse and F. Gaastra (eds), 'On the Eighteenth Century as a Category of Asian History: Van Leur in Retrospect', Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 1-12.
  140. Borsa, G. (1990): 'Recent trends in Indian Ocean Historiography', in G. Borsa (ed), 'Trade and Politics in the Indian Ocean: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives', Manohar, Delhi, pp. 3-14.
  141. Bose, S. and Jalal, A. (1998): 'Modem South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy', Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  142. Bouchon G. and Lombard, D. (1987): 'The Indian Ocean in 15'i> C entu r/, in A. Das Gupta, and M. Pearson, (eds), 'India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800', Oxford University Press, Calcutta, pp. 46-70.
  143. Boxer, C. (1969): 'The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825', Hutchinson, London.
  144. Boxer, C. (1969);
  145. 'A Note on Portuguese Reactions to the Revival of the Red Sea Spice Trade and the Rise of Atjeh, 1540-1600', Journal of South East Asian History, (December, 1969), pp. 415-28.
  146. Boxer, C. (1979): 'On the Eighteenth Century as a Category of Indonesian history; A Reconsideration of J.C. Van Leur', Documentatieblad Workgroup IBe-eeuw, Vol. 41-42, pp. 4-16.
  147. Braudel, F. (1966): 'La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a I'epoque de Philippe II', Paris.
  148. Braudel, F. (1979): 'Civilisation and Capitalisnv 15'^ to 18'i' century. Vol. Ill; The Perspectives of the World', Phoenix Press, London.
  149. Briggs, M. (1975): 'Muslim Arcliitecture in India', in A. Basham, (ed), 'A Cultural History of India', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 310-325.
  150. Broeze, F., Peter, R., McPherson, K. (1986): 'Imperial Ports and the Modem World Economy; The Case of the Indian Ocean', Journal of Transport History, Vol. 7, pp. 1-20.
  151. Brown, L. (1966): 'Diffusion Process and Location', Regional Science Research Institute, Philadelphia.
  152. Brush, J. (1970): 'The Growth of Presidency Towns', in R. Fox (ed), 'Urban India; Society, Space and Image', Monograph and Occasional Paper Series, Duke University.
  153. Bryan, W. (1899); 'British Rule in India', New York Journal, Jan 22.
  154. Bryce, J. (1902); 'The Importance of Geography in Education', Geographical Teacher, Vol. 1, pp. 49-61.
  155. Burgess, E. (1924): 'The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project', Publications of the American.Sociological Society, Vol. 18, pp. 85-97.
  156. Burgess, J. (1896): 'Mohammedan Architecture of Gujarat', W. M. Griggs and Sons Ltd., London.
  157. Burgess, J. "(1896): 'On the Mohammedan Architecture of Bharoch, Cambay, Dholka, Champaner and Mohammudabad in Gujarat', W. M. Griggs and sons Ltd., London.
  158. Burton-Page, J. (1988): 'Historical Context', in G. MicheU and S. Shah (eds), 'Ahmedabad', Marg Publications, B om bay, p p . 6-15.
  159. ButUn R. (1993): 'Historical Geography: Through the Gates of Space and Time', London.
  160. Butlin, R. (1987): 'Theory and Methodology in Historical Geography', in M. Pacione (ed), 'Historical Geography: Progress and Prospects', Croom Helm, London, pp. 16-45.
  161. Butlin, R. (1992): 'Ideological' Contexts and the Reconstruction of Biblical Landscape in the Seventeenth and Early-Eighteenth Centuries: Dr. Edward WeUs and the Historical Geography of the Holy Land', in A. Baker and G. Biger, (eds), 'Ideology axid Landscape in Historical Perspective', Cambridge Studies iii Historic^ Geography No. 18, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 31-62.
  162. Campbell, J. (1877): 'Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Vol. 2. Surat and Broach', Government Central Press, Bombay.
  163. Carlstein, T., Parkes, D. and Thrift, N. (1978): 'Timing Space and Spacing Time', (eds). Vol. I-IIl, Edward Arnold, London.
  164. Carter, H. (1969): 'The Growth of Welsh City System', University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
  165. Carter, H. (1983): 'An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography', Edward Arnold, London.
  166. Census of India (1901): 'India, I-A, Part-2, Tables', Calcutta.
  167. Chakrabarti, D. (1995): 'The Archeology of Ancient Indian Cities', Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  168. Chakrabarti, D. (2003): 'The Archeology of European Expansion in India: Gujarat, c. 16'h -18'h Centuries', Aryan Books Intematioiial, New Delhi.
  169. Chakrabarty, P. (1983): 'Angre-Mughal Commercial Relations, 1583-1717', O. P. S. Publishers, Calcutta.
  170. Chakraborti, H. (1966): 'Trade and Commerce of Ancient India', Calcutta.
  171. Chakraborti, M. (1978): 'Bombay: A Study of Urban M orpholog/, Unpublished MA Dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, Chand, T. (1936): 'Influence of Islam on Indian Culture', The Indian Press Ltd. Allahabad.
  172. Chandra, B. (1999): 'Essays on Colonialism', Orient Longman, Hyderabad.
  173. Chandra, S. (1982): 'Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis and the Village', Macmillan, Madras.
  174. Chandra, S. (1991): 'The 18*^ Century in India: Its Economy and the Role of the Marathas, the Jats, Sikhs and the Afgans', Centre for Studies in Social Sc:iences, Calcutta.
  175. Chandra, S. (1993): 'Review Article', Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, Vol. I, No. I, Society for Indian Ocean Studies, Miraibai, pp. 81-86.
  176. Chandra, S. (1997): 'Medieval India, VoL I: Delhi Sultanat, 1206-1526', Har Anand Publications, N ew Delhi.
  177. Chandra, S. (1999): 'Medieval India, Vol. II: Mughal Empire, 1526-1748', Har Anand Publications, New Delhi.
  178. Charlesworth, A. (1983): 'An Atlas of Rttral Protest in Britain, 1548-1900', Croom Helm, Beckervhanx
  179. Chatterjee, A. (1978): 'A Comprehensive History of Jainism', Vol. 1 and 2, Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta.
  180. Chatterjee, A. (2000): 'The Indian Hill Station: A Study of Colonial and Post- Colonial Urban Development', Geographical Review of India, The Geographical Society of India, Kolkata, Vol. 62, No. 3.
  181. Chatterjee, S. (1983): 'Evolution of Human Settlements in India Since the Dawn of Civilisation', in R. Misra (ed), 'Contributions to Indian Geography, Part I; Concepts and Approaches', Heritage Publishers, N ew Delhi.
  182. Chattopadhayay, B. and Raza, M. (1975): 'Regional Development: An Analytical Framework', Indian Journal of Regional Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 11-34.
  183. Chaudhury, K. (1985): 'Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from Rise of Islam to 1750', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  184. Chavda, V. (n.d.): 'Modem Gujarat', N ew Order Book Company, Ahmedabad.
  185. Chettiar, M. (1979): 'Ports of South Gujarat and Konkan: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis', Unpublished MA Dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Bombay, Bombay.
  186. Commissariat, M. (1957): 'A History of Gujarat; With a Survey of its Monuments and Inscriptions', Orient Longman, Bombay.
  187. Correia, F. (1998); 'Samvedi Khristi Samaj -Sanskrutik Itihas', Saptarshee Prakashan, Mumbai.
  188. Cosgrove, D. (1978): 'Place, Landscape and the Dialectics of Cultural Geography', Canadian Geographer, Vol. 22, pp. 66-72.
  189. Cosgrove, D. (1984);
  190. 'Sodal Formation and Symbolic Landscape', Croom Helm, London.
  191. Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S. (1988): 'The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Design and Use of Past Environments', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  192. Cosgrove, D. and Jackson, P. (1987); 'N ew Directions in Cultural Geography', Area, Vol. 19, pp. 95-101.
  193. Courtney, W. and Auld, A. (1855): 'Memoir on the Savant Waree State', Government of Bombay Education Society's Press, Bombay.
  194. Crawford, A. (1909): 'Legends of the Konkan', Asian Educational Services, Delhi (Reprint, 1987).
  195. D'silva, R. (1972); 'Early Phase of C hristianit/, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, pp. 342-349.
  196. D'silva, R. (1973): 'Educational Finance of Portuguese Bassein, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, Vol. 1.
  197. D'silva, K (1977): 'Vasaitil Khristi Dharma ani Khristi Mandire -Ugam ani Vikas', Jeevan Darshan Prakashan, Vasal.
  198. D'silva, R. (1986): 'Portuguese Rajvat, Vasaitil Bolibhasha Ani Sanskniti', Suvarta, Jeevan Darshan Prakashan, VasaL D'silva, R. (1990): 'The Social Order of Portuguese Bassem', August 26, 1990, Sunday Free Press Journal, Mumbai.
  199. D'silva, R. (1990): 'Slavery in Portuguese Bassein', Sunday Free Press Journal, July 15.
  200. D'silva, R. (1990): 'The Golden Days of Ship Building in Bassein', Sunday Free Press Journal, July 22.
  201. D'silva, R. (1993): 'Safar Va^ichya Killyadii', Allwiyafii Prakashan, Vasai.
  202. Da'cunha, J. (1876): 'Notes on the Antiquities of Chaul and Bassein', (Bombay), Asian Educational Services (Reprint, 1993), Nev^r Delhi.
  203. Da'cunha, J. (1900): 'Origin of Bombay', The Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay.
  204. Daniels, S. (1989): 'Marxisnv Culture and the Duplicity of Landscape', in R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds), 'N ew Models in Geography; The Political Economic Perspective, Vol. 11', Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 196-220.
  205. Danvers, F. (1894): 'The Portuguese in India; Being A History of the Rise and Decline of their Eastern Empire', VoL 1 and 2, Asian Educational Services, (Reprint), New Delhi.
  206. Dar, M. (1961): 'Literary and Cultural Activities in Gujarat under the Khaljis and the Sultanat', Bazm-i-Isha'at, Ismail Yusuf College, Bombay.
  207. Darby, H. (1936): 'An Historical Geography of England before AD 1800', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  208. Darby, H. (1951): 'The Changing English Landscape', Geographical Journal, Vol. 117, pp. 377-98.
  209. Darby, H. (1952): 'The Domesday Geography of Eastern England', Cambridge.
  210. Darby, H. (1953): 'On the Relations of History and Geography', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 19, pp. 1-11.
  211. Dai-by, H. (1979); 'Some Reflections on Historical G eograph/, Historical Geography, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 9-13.
  212. Das Gupta, A. (1979);
  213. 'Indian Merchants and the Dechne of Surat, c.1700-1750', Manohar, New Delhi.
  214. Das Gupta, A. (1981); 'Some Problems of Reconstructing the History of India's West Coast from European Sources', in J. Correia-Afonso (ed), 'Indo-Portuguese History: Sources and Problems', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 174- 182.
  215. Das Gupta, A. (1982): 'Indian Merchants and Trade in the Indian Ocean, c.1500- 1800', in T. Raychaudhuri and I. Habib (eds), 'The Cambridge Economic History of India, c. 1200-1750', Vol. I, Oxford University Pre^, New Delhi, pp. 407-433.
  216. Das Gupta, A. (1987);
  217. 'India and the Indian Ocean, c. 1500-1800: The Story', in A. Das Gupta and M. Pearson (eds), 'India and the Indian Ocean, c. 1500-1800', Oxford University Pres, Calcutta, pp. 25-45.
  218. Das Gupta, A. (1987): 'India and the Indian Ocean in Eighteenth Century', in A. Das Gupta and M. Pearson (eds), 'hidia and the Indian Ocean, c. 1500-1800', Oxford University Press, Calcutta, pp. 131-161.
  219. Das Gupta, A. (1993): 'Europeans in India Before the Empire', Professor Anil Chandra Bandyopadhyay Memorial Lecture, Department of History, Jadhavpur University, Calcutta.
  220. Das Gupta, A. (1999); 'India and the Western Indian Ocean at the Death of Akbar', in I. Khan (ed), 'Akbar and his Age', Indian CouncU of Historical Research, Delhi.
  221. Das Gupta, A. (2001); 'The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800', Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  222. Das Gupta, A. (2001): 'Indian Merchants and the Western Indian Cteean: the Early Seventeenth Centtuy', in A. Das Gupta, '"The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800: Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, PP. 279-299.
  223. Das Gupta, A. (2001): 'Trade and Politics in Eighteenth Century India', in A. Das Gupta, 'The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800: Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 141-179.
  224. Das Gupta, A. (2001): 'Indian Merchants in the Age of Partnership, c. 1500-1800', in A. Das Gupta (ed), 'The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800: Collected Essays of A. Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 122- 133.
  225. Das Gupta, A. (2001): 'The Maritime C it /, in 'The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500=1800: Collected Essays of Ashin Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 134-140.
  226. Das Gupta, A. (2001): 'Trade and Politics in Eighteenth Century India', in A. Das Gupta (ed), 'The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800: Collected Essays of A. Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 141-179.
  227. Das Gupta, A. (2001): 'The Merchants of Surat, 1700-1750', in A. Das Gupta (ed), 'The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800: Collected Essays of A. Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 315-341.
  228. Das Gupta, A. and Pearson, M. (1987): 'India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800', (eds), Oxford University Press, Calcutta.
  229. David, M. (1973): 'History of Bombay: 1661-1708', University of Bombay, Bombay.
  230. De Matos, A. (1985): 'The Financial Situation of the State of India During the Philippine Period, 1581-1635', in T. De Souza (ed), 'Indo-Portuguese History: Old Issues, New Questions', Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp. 90-101.
  231. Deffontaines, P. (1938): 'The Origin and Growth of the Brazilian Network of Towns', Geographical Review, Vol. 28, pp. 379-99.
  232. Dennis, R. (1984): 'English Industrial Cities of 19^'> Century: A Social Geography', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  233. Dermis, R. (2000): 'Historical Geographies of Urbanism', in B. Graham and C. Nash (eds), 'Modem Historical Geographies', Person Education Limited, London, pp. 218-248.
  234. Desai, S. (1974): 'Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane-Portuguese Daftar, Part II', Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskrit! Mandat, Bombay.
  235. Deshpande, P. (1982): 'Maratha Forts and Siege Tactics', in S. Doshi (ed), 'Shivaji and Facets of Maratha Culture', Marg Publications, Bombay, pp. 39-58.
  236. Dhavalikar, M. and Possehl, G. (1992): 'The Pre Harappan Period at Prabhas Patan and the Pre Harappan Phase in Gujarat', Man and Environment, Vol. 17, pp. 71-78.
  237. Diffie, B. and Winius, G. (1977): 'Fotmdations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415- 1580', University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
  238. Dion, R. (1934): 'Le Val de Loire', Tours.
  239. Disney, A. (1981): 'The Portuguese Empire in India, c. 1550-1650', in J. Correia- Afonso (ed), 'Indo Portuguese History: Sources and Problems', Oxford University Press, Bombay, pp. 148-162
  240. Divekar, S. and Apte, D. (1927): 'Shivbharata by Parmananda', Pune.
  241. Divekar, V. (1982): 'The Emergence of Indigenous Business Q ass in Maharashtra in the Eighteenth Century', Modem Asian Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 427-444.
  242. Dodgshon, R. (1998): 'Society in Time and Space: A Geographical Perspective on Change', Cambridge Studies in Historic^ Geography No. 27, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  243. Doshi, S. (1982): 'Shivaji and Dfacets of Maratgha Cultyuer', (ed), Marg PubUcatiobns, Bombaty.
  244. Dossal, M. (1991): 'Imperial Designs and Indian Realities: The Plarming of Bombay C it/, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  245. Duncan, J. (1980): 'The Superorgaiuc in American Cultural Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, VoL 70, pp. 181-90.
  246. Duncan, J. (1990): 'The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Representation in the Kenyan Kingdom', Cambridge.
  247. Duncan, J. (1995): 'Landscape Geography, 1993-94', Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 19. p. 414-22.
  248. Duncan, J. and Ley, D. (1982): 'Structural Marxism and Human Geography: A Criticcd Assessment', A m als of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 72, pp. 30-59.
  249. Dunford, M. and Perrons, D. (1983): 'The Arena of Capital', London.
  250. Dutt, A. (1983): 'Cities of South Asia', in S. Bnmn and J. Williams (eds), 'Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, pp. 325-368.
  251. Edney, M. (1997): 'Mapping an Empire: the Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843', The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  252. Edwardes, S. (1901): 'Rise of Bom ba/, Census of India, Vol. X.
  253. Elliot, T. (1944): 'Little Giddings', in 'Four Quartets', Faber and Faber, UK, pp. 59. Faden, W, (1800): 'A Map of Peninsula of India'.
  254. Fair, T. and Browett, J. (1979): 'The Urbanisation Process in South Africa', in D. Herbert and R. Johnston (eds), 'Geography and the Urban Environment Vol. IF, Wiley, Toronto.
  255. Farooqui, A. (1996): 'Urban Development in a Colonial Situation: Early Nineteenth Century Bombay', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 31, No. 40, pp. 2746-2759.
  256. Febvre, L. (1922): 'A Geographical Introduction to H isto r /, London.
  257. Fernandes, B. (1928): 'Sopara: The Ancient Port of Konkan', Journal of Bombay Historical Society, Vol. 1., pp. 65-77.
  258. Fernandes, B. (1948): 'A Guide to the Ruins of Bassein', Bombay Historical Society, Bombay.
  259. Fisher, M. (1993); 'The Politics of The British Annexation of India, 1757-1857", Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  260. Fox, R. (1970); 'Urban India: Society, Space and Images', Duke University Press, North Carolina.
  261. Frank, A. (1970); 'Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment', McMillan, London.
  262. Fukazawa, H. (1991): 'The Medieval Deccan: Peasants, Social Systems and State?, IS'f' to 18'*' Centuries', Delhi.
  263. Furber, H. (1965): 'Bombay Presidency in the mid-18**' Century", Asia Pablishing House, Bombay.
  264. Gadkar, R. (1994): 'Amhi Bharatvasi Bene-Israelis, Part 2', Shayali, Vol. 17, September, Thane.
  265. Gadkar, R. (1995): 'Amhi Bharatvasi Bene-IsraeUs, Part 3', Shayali, Vol. 21, January, Thane. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (1880): 'Ratnagifi ^d Sawantwadi Districts', Vol. X, Goverrunent Central Press, Bombay. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (1882): 'Thane District", VoL XIII, Part II, Government Photo zincographic Press, Pune. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (1883): 'Kolaba District', Central Government Press, Bombay. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (1908): ''Baroda', Central Government Press, Bombay.
  266. Gentil, J, (1785); 'Essai sur 'Indostan on Empire Mogol', Ptiris.
  267. George, H. (1901); 'The Relations of Geography and History", Oxford.
  268. Ghosh, A. (1962); 'The Archeological Background', Memoir of the Anthropological Survey of India, Vol. 9, pp. 1-5.
  269. Gilbert, E. (1932); 'What is Historical Geography?", Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 48, pp. 129-35.
  270. Gillion, K. (1968): 'Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History", The New Order Book Company, Ahmedabad.
  271. Gogate, P. (1997): 'Indigenous Maps of Western India: A Study in Historical Cartography', Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Mumbai.
  272. Gogate, P. and Anmadialam, B. (1995); 'Early Antique Maps of Bombay Neighbourhood', Indian Cartographer, Vol. 14, pp. 358-367.
  273. Goheen, P. (1970): 'Victorian Toronto, 1850-1900, Pattern and Process of Growth, Chicago.
  274. Gokhale, B. (1974): 'Tobacco in Seventeenth Century India', Agricultural Histoiy, Vol. 48, pp. 484^92.
  275. Gokhale, B. (1976): 'Buddhism in Maharashtra: A H isto r/, Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
  276. Gokhale, B. (1979): 'Surat in Seventeenth century: A Study in Urban History of Pre-modern India', Popul^ Prakashan, Bombay.
  277. Gole, S. (1989): 'Indian Maps and Plans: From Earliest Times to the Advent of European Surveys', Manohar, New Delhi.
  278. Gole, S. (1997): 'When We Get There: Bombay in Early Maps', Marg, Vol. 48, No. 4, p. 12-27.
  279. Gopal, S. (1975): 'Commerce and Crafts in Gujarat in the 16'^ and 17'^ Century^, Delhi. Gordon, S. (1993): 'The Marathas, 1600-1818', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (Reprint by Foundation Books, Delhi).
  280. Gordon, S. (1994): 'Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth Century India', Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  281. Gould, P. (1969): 'Spatial Diffusion', Association of American Geographers, Washington.
  282. Graham, B. and Nash, C. (2000): 'Modern Historical Geographies', (eds). Person Education Limited, London.
  283. Graham, G. (1997): 'The Shaping of the Past', Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  284. Greerv J. (1881): 'The Making of England', London.
  285. Gregory, D and Urry, J. (1985): 'Social Relations and Spatial Structures', (eds), McMiUan, London.
  286. Gregory, D. (1978): 'Ideology, Science and Human Geography', Hutchinson, London.
  287. Gregory, D. (1982): 'Regional Transformation and the Industrial Revolution', McMiUan, London.
  288. Gregory, D. (1994): 'Geographical Imaginatior\s', Blackwell, UK.
  289. Guelke, (1974): 'An Idealist Alternative in Human Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, VoL 64, pp. 193-202.
  290. Guelke, L. (1982): 'Historical Under^andiiig in Geography: An Idealist Approach', Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography No. 3, Ciunbridge University Press, Cambridge.
  291. Guha, J. (1979): 'India in the 17^^ Century: Being an Account of the Tv^o Voyages to India by Ovington and Thevenot and the Indian Travels of Careri', Vol. I and II, Associated Publishing House, Delhi.
  292. Gupta, I. (1981): 'Urbanisation in Gujarat during the 17'^i C en tu r/, in J. Grewal and I. Banga (eds), 'Studies in Urban H isto r/, Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, pp. 43-60.
  293. Gupta, S-(2002): 'Changes in Urban Morphology; The Case of Pune under Colonial Rule (1818-1920)', in M. Nayeem, A. Ray, K. Mathew (eds), 'Studies in History of the Deccan', Pragati PubHcations, Delhi, pp. 312-328.
  294. Habib, I. (1963): 'The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556-1707', Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  295. Habib, I. (1982): 'An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detailed Notes, Bibliography and Index', Oxford University Press, !3)elhi.
  296. Habib, I. (1995): 'Essays in Indian History; Towards a Marxist Perception', Tulika, New Delhi.
  297. Habib, I. (1995): 'Forms of Qass Struggle in Mughal India', in I. Habib, 'Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception', Tulika, New Delhi, pp. 233-258.
  298. Habib, I. (1995): 'Potentials of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India', in I. Habib, 'Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception', Tulika, New Delhi, pp. 180-232.
  299. Habib, I. (1995): 'Colonisation of the Indian Economy, 1757-190Cr, in I. Habib, 'Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception', Tulika, New Delhi, pp 296-335.
  300. Habib, I. (1995): Studying a Colonial Economy -Without Perceiving Colonialism', in I. Habib, 'Essays in Indian History: Towards Marxist Perception', Tulika, New Delhi, pp. 336-366.
  301. Habib, I. (1998): 'The Eighteenth Century in Indian Economic History', in L. Blusse and F. Gaastra (eds), 'On the Eighteenth Century as a Category of Asian History: Van Leuf in Retrospect', Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 217-236.
  302. Habib, I. (2001): 'The Economic History of Medieval hxdia: A S u rv e/, Tulika, New Delhi.
  303. Habib, M. (1974): 'Politics and Society of during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Prof. Mohammad Habib', People's Publishing House, New Delhi.
  304. HabibuUah, A. (1961): 'The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India', Central Book Depot, AUahabad.
  305. Hagerstrand, T, (1967): 'Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process', University of Chicago Press, Clucago.
  306. Hakima, A. (1973): 'History of Eastern Arabia', Beirut.
  307. Hambly, G. (1982): 'Towns and Cities', in T. Raychaudhuri and I. Habib (eds), 'Cambridge Economic History of India, c. 12004 750', Vol. I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 434-451.
  308. Hanley, VV. (1974): 'Invercargill in the 1870s: TTie Application of a Historical Model', New Zealand Geographer, VoL 30, pp. 66-74.
  309. Harley, J. (1982): 'Historical Geography and its Evidence: Reflections on Modelling Sources', in A. Baker and M. BiUinge (eds), 'Period and Place: Research Methods in Historical Geography', Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography No. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 261-73.
  310. Harris, R. (1978): 'The Historical Mind and the Practice of G eograph/, in D. Ley and M. Samuels (eds), 'Humanist Geography, Prospects and Problems', Croom Hekn, London, pp. 123-37.
  311. Harris, R. (1991): 'Power, Modernity and Historical Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, VoL 81, pp. 671-683.
  312. Harris, R. (1996): 'Unplanned Subxirbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950^, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  313. Harris, R. (1997): 'The Resettlement of British Columbia: Essays on Colonialism and Geographical Change', UBC Press, Vancouver.
  314. Harrison, J. (1975): 'The Portuguese', in A. B^ham (ed), 'A Cultural History of India', Oxford University Press, Bombay, pp. 337-347.
  315. Hartshorne, R. (1939): 'The Nature of G eograph/, Lancaster.
  316. Harvey, D. (1967): 'Models of Evolution of Spatial Patterns in Human Geography', in R. Chorley and P. Hagget (eds), 'Models in Geography', London, pp. 549-607.
  317. Harvey, D. (1969): 'Explanation in Geography', Edward Arnold, London.
  318. Harvey, D. (1973): 'Social Justice and the City', John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  319. Harvey, D. (1975): 'Social Processes and Spatial Forms: An Analysis of the Conceptual Problems of Urban Planning', in E. Jones (ed), 'Readings in Social Geography', Oxford University Press, London, pp. 228-306.
  320. Harvey, D. (1982): 'On the History and Present Condition of Geography: An Historical Materialist Manifesto', Professional Geographer, Vol. 34, pp. 1-11.
  321. Harvey, D. (1983): 'The Limits to Capital', Basil Blackwell, UK.
  322. Harvey, D. (1985): 'The Urbanisation of Capital', Blackwell, UK.
  323. Harvey, D. (1985): 'Consciousness and Urban Experience', Blackwell, UK.
  324. Harvey, D. (1989): 'The Conditions of P ostm od em it/, Blackwell, UK.
  325. Hai'vey, D. (1990): 'Between Space and Time: Reflections on the Geographical Imagination', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 418-434.
  326. Harvey, D. (2003): 'Paris, Capital of M o d em it/, Routledge, New York.
  327. Haynes, D. (1991): 'Rhetoric and Ritual in Colonial India: The Shaping of a Public Culture in Surat City, 18524928', University of California Press, Berkeley.
  328. Hebalkar, S. (2001): 'Ancient Indian Ports -With Special Reference to Maharashtra', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, N ew Delhi.
  329. Heffeman, M. (1995): 'For Ever England; The Western Front and the Politics of Remembrance in Britain', Eoimene, Vol. 2, pp. 293-324.
  330. Hourani, G. (1951): 'Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times', Princeton University Press, N ew Jersey. Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909): 'Bombay Presidency Provincial Series', Vol. and 2, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.
  331. Jager, H. (1972): 'Historical Geography in Gennany, Austria and Switzerland', in A. Baker (ed), 'Progress in Historical Geography', Davis and Chark's, Newton Abbott, pp. 45-62.
  332. Jain, V. (1987); 'The Role of Arab Traders in Western India during Early Medieval Period', in B. Chattopadhyay (ed), 'Essays in Ancient Indian Economic H isto r/, Vol. II, Mimshiram Manoharlal Publishers, N ew Delhi, pp. 164-174.
  333. Jain, V. (1990); 'Trade and Traders in Western India, AD 1000-1300', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
  334. Jairazbhoy, N. (1975);
  335. 'Music', in A. Basham, (ed), 'A Cultural History of India', Oxford University Press, N ew Delhi, pp. 212-242.
  336. Janaki, V. (1980): T he Commerce of Cambay from the Earliest Period to the 18**^ Century', Baroda.
  337. Janelle, D. (1969): 'Spaticd Reorganisation: A Model and A Concept', /vnnals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 59, pp. 348-64.
  338. Johnson, N. (2000): 'Historical Geographies of the Present', in B. Graham and C. Nash (eds), 'Modem Historical Geographies', Person Education Limited, London, pp. 251-272.
  339. Johnston, R. (1979): 'Geography and Geographers; Anglo-American Geography Since 1945', Arnold, London.
  340. Joshi, C. (1956): 'The Historical Geography of the Islands of Bom ba/, Bombay Geographical Magazine, Vol. 4, No. 1, Bombay Geographical Association, Bombay, pp. 5-13.
  341. Joshi, P. (1926): 'Early History of North Konkan', Wilson College, Bombay.
  342. Kadam, M. (2000): 'Asa Ha Sindhudurg: Sindhudurg Jilhyacha Samagra Itihas', Unique Prakashan, Sindhudurgnagari.
  343. Kail, O. (1981):' The Dutch in India', McMillan India Ltd., New Delhi.
  344. Kamerkar, M. and Dhimjisha, S. (2000): 'From the Iranian Plateau to the Shores of Gujarat: The Story of Parsi Settlements and Absorption in India', Allied Publishers Private Limited, Mumbai.
  345. Kanhere, G. (1982): 'Maratha Wadas: A way of life', in S. Doshi (ed), 'Shivaji and Facets of Maratha Cultiure', Marg Publications, Bombay, pp. 105-112.
  346. Kantak, M. (1993);
  347. 'Tlie First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles', Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
  348. Karmarkar, D. (1996): 'Historical Geography of Vasai: Space-Time Convergence', Unpublished MA Dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Bombay, Mumbai.
  349. Karmarkar, D. (1999): 'Portuguese Advent and Socio Economic Change in Vasai: A Perspective in Historical Geography', Unpublished Paper, 7'> ' Annua; Conference, The Bombay Geographical Association, Mumbai.
  350. Kannarkar, D. (2002): 'Sopara -Uday ani Rhas', Suvarta, Part 1 to 4, \'oL 9 to 12, Vasai.
  351. Karmarkar, D. (2003): 'Understanding The Evolution of the Socio Cultural Space in Ahmedabad City', Unpublished Paper, liu i Annual Conference of The Bombay Geographical Association, Mumbai.
  352. Karmarkar, D. (2004): 'Changing Sodo Cultural Space of Vasai: Pre Portuguese and Portuguese Era', Occasional Papers, Issue no. 1, The Bombay Geographical Association, Mumbai, pp. 1-10.
  353. Kelkar, V. (n. d.): 'Vasaichi Mohim', Anand Mudranalaya, Pime.
  354. Khare, G. (1982): 'Maratha Manors', in S. Doshi (ed), 'Shivaji and Facets of Maratha Culture', Marg Pubhcations, Bombay, 99-104.
  355. Khobrekar, V. (2002): 'Konkan: From Earliest to 1818 AD', Snehvardhan Prakashan, Piine.
  356. Kikuchi, T. (1977): 'Method in Historical Geography', Tokyo.
  357. King, A, (1990): 'Urbanism, Colonialism and the World Economy: Cultiual and Spatial Foundations of the World Urban System', Routledge, London.
  358. Kniffen, F. (1951): 'The American Agricultural Fair', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 41, pp. 42-57.
  359. Kniffen, F. (1965): 'Folk Housing: Key to Diffusion', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 55, pp. 549-77.
  360. Knox, P. (2000): 'Urban Social Geography: An Introduction', Pearson Education Limited, Essex, UK.
  361. Kosambi, D. (1956): 'An Introduction to the Study of Indian H isto r/, Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
  362. Kosambi, D. (1972): The Culture and Civilisation Of Ancient India in Historical Outline', Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi
  363. Kosambi, M. (1980): 'Bombay and Poona: A Socio-Ecological Study of Two Indian Cities, 1650-1900', Published Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm
  364. Kosambi, M. (1985): 'Commerce, Conquest and the Colonial City: The Role of Locational Factors in the Rise of Bombay', Economic and political Weekly, Vol 20, No. 1, pp. 32-37.
  365. Kosambi, M. (1993); 'Colonial Urban Transformation in India', in M. Hasan and N. Gupta (eds), 'India's Colonial Encounter: Essays in Memory of Eric Stokes', Manohar, N ew Delhi, pp. 203-235.
  366. Kosambi, M. (1996): 'The Konkan Ports and European Dominance: An Urban Perspective', in A. Kulkami, M. Nayeem and T. D'souza (eds), 'Medieval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of P. M. Joshi', Popular Prakashan, Bombay, pp. 108-123.
  367. Kotani, H. (2002): 'Western India in Historical Transition', Manohar, New Delhi.
  368. Krenzlin, A. (1955); 'Histirische imd wirtschaftiiiche zuge im Siedlungs formenbild des westlichen Ostdeuschland', Frankfurt, Kulkami, A. (1996): 'The Marathas (1600-1848)', Books and Books, New Delhi.
  369. Kulkarni, A. (1997): 'Ship Building, Navigation and Maritime Activities on the West Coast of India in Medieval Period with Reference to Maratha Power', in K. Mathew (ed), 'Ship Building and Navigation in the Indian Ocean Region, c. 1400- 1800', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, N ew Delhi, pp. 1-11.
  370. Kulke, H. and Rotiiermund, D. (1986): 'A History of India', Routiedge, London.
  371. Lafont, J. (2001): 'Chitra: Cities and Monuments of Eighteenth Century India from French Archives', Oxford University Press, N ew Delhi.
  372. Lahin, N. (1992): 'The Archeology of Indian Trade Routes', Delhi.
  373. Langton, J. (1972): 'Potentialities and Problems of Adopting a Systems Approach to the Study of Change in Human Geography', Progress in Geography, Vol. 4, pp. 127-79.
  374. Law, B. (1968): Historical Geography of Ancient India', Societe Asiatique de Paris, Paris.
  375. Lefebvre, H. (1974): 'The Production of Space', Translated by D. Nicholson- Sniith, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
  376. Lewis, B. (1950): 'The Arabs in History', Goodward Books, New Delhi (Reprint, 2001).
  377. Lovett, A. Whyte, I. and Whyte, J. (1985): 'Poisson Regression Analysis and Migration Fields: The Example of the Apprenticeship Records of Edinburgh in 17'*' and 18*^ Centuries', Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 10, pp. 317-22.
  378. Mahajan, T. (1991): 'Aspecis of Agrarian and Urban History of the Marathas', Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi.
  379. Malgaokar, M. (1959): 'Kanhoji Angre: Maratha Admiral', Asia Publishing House, New York.
  380. Maloni, R. (1992): 'European Mercantile Capital and the Indian Sconomy', Manohar, New Delhi.
  381. Maloni, R. (2003): 'Surat: Port of the Mughal Empire', Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
  382. Mandavdhare, S. (1973): 'An Historical Geography of Khandesh, 1550-1605', CRD Papers, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
  383. Marshall, J. (1931): 'Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilisation', (ed), Vol. 1-3, London.
  384. Marshall, P. (1987): 'Private British Trade in the Indian Ocean Before 1800', in A Das Gupta and M. Pearson (eds), 'India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800', Oxford University Press, Calcutta, pp. 276-300.
  385. Marshall, P. (1993): Trade and Conquest: Studies on the Rise of British Dominance in India', Variorum, Hampshire, UK.
  386. Marshall, P. (1996): 'The British Empire at the End of the Eighteenth Centtiry', in P. Marshall (ed), 'The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire', (ed), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 16-23.
  387. Marshall, P. (1998): The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteerith Century', Vol. II, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  388. Marx, K. (1853): 'The East India Question', New York Daily Tribune, July 25.
  389. Massey, D. (1984): 'Spatial Division of Labour', McMillan, London.
  390. Massey, D. (1985): 'New Directions in Space', in D. Gregory and J. Urry (eds), 'Sodal Relations and Spatial Structures', Macmillan, London, pp. 9-19.
  391. Massey, D. (1995): 'Places and their Pasts', History Workshop Journal, Vol. 39, pp. 182-92.
  392. Mate, M. (1982): 'Temple Architecture', in S. Doshi (ed), 'Shivaji and Facets of Maratha Culture', Marg Publications, Bombay, pp. 87-90.
  393. Mathew, K. (1986): 'Portuguese and the Sultanat of Gujarat, 1500-1573', Mittal Publications, Delhi.
  394. Mathew, K. (1997): 'Ship Building and Navigation in the Indian Ocear; Region, AD 1400-1800', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
  395. McPherson, K. (1993): 'Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea', Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  396. Mehta, M. and Mehta, S, (1971): 'The Gujarati and the Arab Merchants, AD 942- 1500: Some Observations based on Contemporary Sources', A1 Watheekah, Baharain, pp. 199-217.
  397. Mehta, R. (1974): 'Urban Surat, an Archeological, Topographical and Toponymical Perspective', Journal of the M. S. University of Baroda, Vol. 22-23, pp. 81-92.
  398. Mehta, R. and Jamindar R, (1988); 'Urban Context', in G. Michell and S. Shah (eds), 'Ahmedabad', Marg Publications, Bombay, pp. 16-29.
  399. Meinig, D. (1965): 'The Mormon Culture Region: Strategies And Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847-1964', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 55, pp. 197-220.
  400. Meinig, D. (1972): 'American West: Preface to a Geographical Introduction', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 62, pp. 159-85.
  401. Meinig, D. (1979): 'The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes', (ed). New York.
  402. Mhamai, S. (1984);
  403. 'Savants of Wadi; Coastal Politics in 18*^ and 19*^ Centuries', Concept Publication Company, New DelhL Michell, G. and Shah, S. (1988);'Ahmedabad', Marg Publications, Bombay.
  404. Mills, C. (1959); 'The Sociological Imagination', The Oxford University Press, New York.
  405. Misra, S. (1963); 'The Rise of Muslim Power ta Gujarat', Asia Publishirg House, Bombay.
  406. Misra, S. (1985); 'MusUm Commimities in Gujarat', Mtmshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
  407. Mitchell, D. (2000): 'Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction', Blackwell Publishers, UK.
  408. Mitchell, J. (1954); 'Historical Geography', The English Universities Press Limited, London.
  409. Moosvi, S. (1987); 'The Economy of Gujarat, c.1600 -The Ain's Statistics', in S. Chandra (ed), 'Essays in Medieval Indian Economic History', Manoiiar, New Delhi, pp. 117-125.
  410. Moosvi, S. (1996): 'Urban Population in Pre-Colonial India', in D. Jha (ed), 'Society and Ideology in India: Essays in Honour of Professor R. S. Sharma', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 434-451.
  411. Moreland W. (1983); 'India at the Death of Akbar', Oriental Books, New Delhi.
  412. Muir, R. (1999); 'Approaches to Landscape', London, Mukerjee, R. (n.d.); 'The Economic History of India; 1600-1800', Longman, Green and Company Limited, London.
  413. Muller, E. (1976); 'Selective Urban Growth in the Middle Ohio Valley, 1800-1860', Geographical Review, Vol. 66, pp. 178-99.
  414. Muller, E. (1977);
  415. 'Regional Urbanisation and the Selective Growth of Towns in North American Region', Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 3, pp. 21-40.
  416. Muller, E. cind Groves, P. (1979): T h e Emergence of Industrial Districts in Mid- 19'i' Century Baltimore', Geographical Review, VoL 69, pp. 159-78. Municiapl Corporation of Greater Bombay (1981): 'Bomaby: A Panorama, 1661- 1931', Municiapl Corporation of Greater Bombay, Bombay.
  417. Munsi, S. (1980); 'Geography of Transportation in Eastern India under the British Raj', Centre for Studies in S<^al Sciences, Kolkata.
  418. Munsi, S. (1993): 'An Enquiry into the Historical Roots of Indian Urbanisation', Geographical Review of India, The Geographical Society of India, Kolkata, VoL 55, No. 3, pp. 1-3, Kolkata.
  419. Murdie, R. (1%9): 'Factorial Ecology of Metropolitan Toronto, 1951-61', Research Papers No. 116, Department of Geography, University of Chicago, Chicago.
  420. Naff, T. and Owen, R. (1977): 'Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History', Southern Illinois University Press.
  421. Nag, P. (1980): 'Current Trends of Historic^ Approaches in Geographical Researches in India', Historical Geography, VoL 19, pp. 25-35.
  422. Nairne, A. (1894): 'A History of Konkan', Central Government Press, Bombay.
  423. Naqvi, H. (1968): 'Urban Centres and Industries in Upper India, 1556-1803', Asia Publishing House, New Delhi.
  424. Naqvi, H. (1971): 'Urbanisation and Urban Centres under the Great Mughals, 1556-1707', Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla.
  425. Naqvi, H. (1986): 'Agricultural, Industrial and Urban Dynamics under the Sultans of Delhi, 1206-1555', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, Delhi. Naravane, M. eind Bodhe, G. (1998): 'Sea and Hill Forts of Western India: Aerial Views and Historical Perspectives', MHS-2, Maritime History Society, Mumbai.
  426. Nash, C. (1996): 'Reclaiming Vision; Looking at Landscape and the Body', Gender, Place and Culture, VoL 3. pp. 149-69.
  427. Nene, Y. (2000); 'Deccan Biodiversity _ Crops in the Deccan', in H. Gupta, A. Parashar-Sen and D. Balasubramanian (eds), 'Deccan Heritage', Universities Press, Hyderabad, pp. 17-25.
  428. Nightingale, P. (1970): 'Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  429. Nijman, J. (1994): 'The VOC and the Expansion of the World System, 1602-1799', Political Geography, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 21-227.
  430. Nora, P. (1998): 'Realms of Memory; The Construction of the French P<ist', Vol. Ill, 'Symbols', New York.
  431. Norton, W. (1976); 'Constructing Abstract Worlds of the Past', Geographical Analysis, VoL 8, pp. 269-88.
  432. Norton, W. (1984): 'Historical Analysis in Geography', Longman Group Limited, New York.
  433. Ogbom, M. (1998): 'Spaces of Modernity: London's Geographies, 1680-1780', Guilford Press, New York.
  434. Olwig, K. (1984);
  435. 'Nahire's Ideological Landscape', Allen and Unwin, London.
  436. Orum, A. and Chen, X. (2003); 'The World of Cities: Places in Comparative and Historical Perspective', BlackweU Publishing, Malden.
  437. Overton, M. (1977); 'Computer Analysis of an Inconsistent Data Source; The Case of Probate Inventories', Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 3, No. 4. pp. 317-26.
  438. Pacione, M. (1987); 'Historical Geography: Progress and Prospects', (ed). Groom Hehn, London.
  439. Panikkar, K, (1953); 'Asia and the Western Dominance', Somaiya Publications, Mumbai.
  440. Parker, G. (2000); 'The ArtiUery Fortress as an engine of European Overseas Expansion, 1480-1750', in J. Tracy (ed), 'City Walls, the Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 386-416.
  441. Parkes, D. and Thrift, N. (1978): 'Putting Time in its Place', in T. Carlstein, D. Parkes and N. Thrift (eds) 'Making Sense of Time', Edward Arnold, London, pp. 119-129.
  442. Parkes, D.' and Thrift, N. (1980): 'Time, Spaces and Places: A Chronogeographic Perspective', John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
  443. Pearson, M. (1976): 'Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat the Response to the Portuguese in the 16"' C entur/, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  444. Pearson, M. (1981): 'Coastal Western India', Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
  445. Pearson, M. (1987): 'India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century', in A. Das Gupta and M. Pearson (eds), 'India and the Indian Ocean, c. 1500-1800', Oxford University Pres, Calcutta, pp. 71-93.
  446. Pearson, M. (1987): 'The Portuguese in India', The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge University Pres, Cambridge.
  447. Pearson, M. (1987): 'Cafilas and Cartazes', in S. Chandra (ed), 'Essays in Medieval Economic History', Mimshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New York, pp. 199-206.
  448. Pearson, M. (2003): 'Indian Oceein', Routledge, London.
  449. Peet, R. (1977): 'Radical Geography: Alternative Viewpoints on Contemporary Social Issues', Maaroufa Press, Chicago.
  450. Peet, R. (1989): 'World Capitalism and the Destruction of Regional Cultures', in R. Johnston and P. Taylor (eds), 'A World in Crisis? Geographical Perspective', Basil Blackwell, UK, pp. 150-172.
  451. Peet, R. (1998): 'Modem Geographical Thought', Blackwell, Oxford, Peet, R. and Thrift, N. (1989): 'N ew Models in Geography: The Political Economic Perspective' (eds). Vol. I-II, Unwin Hyman, London.
  452. Peet, R. and Thrift, N. (1989): 'Political Economy and Human Geography', in R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds), 'New Models in Geography^, Vol. I, Unwin Hyman, UK, pp. 3-29.
  453. Phillimore, R. (1950): 'Historical Records of the Survey of India', Vol. II, 1800- 1815, Survey of India, Dehradun.
  454. Piggott, S. (1950): 'Prehistoric India', Harmandsworth.
  455. Pitte, J. (1983): 'Histoire du paysage francais. Vol. I and IF, Paris.
  456. Powell, J. (1967);
  457. 'Victoria's Woodland Cover in 1869: A Bureaucratic Versture in Cartography, New Zealand Geographer, Vol. 23, pp. 106-16.
  458. Powell, J. (1996): 'Historical Geography and Environmental History: An Australian Interface', Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 22, pp. 253-73.
  459. Prakash, O. (1984): 'The Dutch Factories in India, 1617-1623', New Delhi.
  460. Prakash, O. (1996): 'The Dutch Factory at Vengurla in the Seventeentli Century', in A. Kulkami, M. Nayeem and T. D'souza (eds), 'Medieval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of P. M. Joshi', Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
  461. Prakash, O. (1998): 'European Commercial Enterprise in Pre Colonial India', The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  462. Prakash, O. (1998): 'European Corporate Enterprises and the Politics of Trade in India, 1600-1800', in R. Mukherjee and L. Subramanian (eds), 'Politics and Trade in tlie Indian Ocean World: Essays in Honour of Ashin Das Gupta', Oxford University Press, 14ew Delhi, pp. 165-182.
  463. Prakash, O. (2004): 'Bullion for Goods: European and Indian Merchants in the Indian Ocean Trade, 1500-1800', Manohar, N ew Delhi.
  464. Pred, A. (1966): 'The Spatial Dynamics of US Urban Industrial Growth, 1800- 1914: Interpretative and Theoretical Essays', Cambridge.
  465. Pred, A. (1967): 'Behavioiu: and Location, Part T, Lund Studies in Geography, Series B, No. 27.
  466. Prince, H. (1969): 'Progress in Historical G eograph/, in R. Cooke and J. Johnson (eds), 'Trends in Geography: An Introductory Siirvey', London, pp. 110-22.
  467. Prince, H. (1980): 'Historical Geography in 1980', in E. Brown (ed), 'Gc'ography, Yesterday and Tomorrow', pp. 229-50.
  468. Raj wade, V. (1846): 'Keshavacharya's Mahikavatichi Bakhar', Chitrashala Press, India. Ramchandran, R. (1989); 'Urbanisation and Urban System in India', Oxford University Press, New DelhL
  469. Kao, S. (1963): 'Excavation at Rangpur and other Excavations in Gujarat', Ancient India, Vol. 18-19, pp. 5-207.
  470. Rao, S. (1972): 'Lothal and Indus Civilisation', Aurangabad.
  471. Ratnagar, S. (1981): 'Encounters, the Westerly Trade of the Harappa Civilisation', Delhi. RawHnson, H. (1920): 'British Beginning Western India, 1579-1657', Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  472. Rawlinson, H. (1975): 'Early Contacts of India and Europe', in A. Basham (od), 'A Cultural History of India', Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 425-441.
  473. Ray, A. (1994): 'Cambay', in S. Arasaratnam and A. Ray, 'Masulipatnam and Caiiibay: A History of Two Port Towns, 1500-1800', Munshifam Manoharl^ Publishers, New DelhL Ray, I. (1974): 'India in Asian Trade in the 1730s: An IS'^^ Century French Memoirs', Proceedings of Indian History Congress -34'^' Session, VoL 2, Chandigarh, pp. 271-90.
  474. Ray, R. (1998): 'Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765- 1818', in P. Marshall (ed), 'The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century', VoL II, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 508-529.
  475. Raychaudhuri, T. and Habib, I. (1982): 'The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol. I, c.1200-1750', (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  476. Raza, M. (1972): 'The Subah of Ajmer -A Study in Historical Geography', 1®' Indian Geographical Congress, Abstracts of Papers, New Delhi.
  477. Raza, M. and Habeeb, A. (1976): 'Characteristics of Colonial Urbanisation: A Case Study of Satellite Primacy of Calcutta (1850-1921)', in S. Alam and V. Pokshishevsky (eds), 'Urbanisation in Developing Countries', Osmania University Press, Hyderabad.
  478. Rebello, J. (1996); 'Sthanik Va Portuguese Sanskruticha Milaf', Maha:'ashtra Times, March 3, Mumbai.
  479. Rennel, J. (1788): 'Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan or the Mogul Empire', London.
  480. Rennel, S. (1790): 'Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan', London.
  481. Richards, J. (1993): 'The Mughal Empire', The N ew Cambridge History of India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  482. RiWl, T. and Wilson, A. (1985): 'Settlement Structures in Ancient Greece; Model based Approach to Analysis', Working Pap>er, School of Geography, University of Leeds.
  483. Robinson, F. (1982): 'Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500', Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  484. Rogers, E. (1962): 'Diffusion of Innovation', Free Press, New York.
  485. Rossa, W. (1997);
  486. 'Indo-Poftuguese Cities: A Contribution to the Stady of Portuguese Urbanism in the Western Hindustan', National Committee for the Commemoration of the Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon.
  487. Roy, T. (1999): 'Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  488. Rozman, G. (1978); 'Urban Networks and Historical Stages', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 9, pp. 65-92.
  489. Scihm, M. (1956): 'Biological Evidences Bearing on the Decline of the IndiLs Valley Civilisation', Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, Vol. 1, pp. 107-7.
  490. Said, E. (1993): 'Culture and Imperialism', Vintage, Chatto and Windus, London.
  491. Sankalia, H. (1949): 'Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat', Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Pune. Sarang, A. (1992): 'External Relation of Sawantwadi State: 1651-1838', Prachi Prakashan, Bombay.
  492. Sarao, K. (1990): 'Urban Centres and Urbanisation as Reflected in the Pali Vinaya and Sutta Pitakas', Delhi.
  493. Seirdesai, G. (1946): 'New History of the Marathas', Vol. I, Borabay.
  494. Sargent, C. (1972): 'Toward a Djmamic Model of Urban Morphology', Economic Geography, Vol. 48, pp. 357-74.
  495. Sarkar, T. (1952): 'Shivaji and His Times', Orient Longman, Bombay.
  496. Sarkar, ]. (1988): 'Fall of the Mughal Empire'^ Vol. 1-4^ Orient Longman, New Delhi.
  497. Sauer, C. (1925): 'The Morphology Of Landscape', University of CaUfomia Publicatioris in Geography, Vol. 2, pp. 19-54.
  498. Sauer, C. (1941): 'Forward to Historical Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, VoL 31, pp. 1-24.
  499. Sauer, C. (1963); 'The Morphology of Landscape', in J. Leighly (ed.), 'Land and Life', University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 315-50.
  500. Sauer, C, (1966): 'The Early Spanish Man', Berkeley.
  501. Schaefer, F. (1953): 'Exceptionalism in Geography: A Methodological Examination', Armais of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 43, pp. 226-249.
  502. Schxiltz, S. (1981): 'An Approach to a Theory of Urbanisation', in J. Grewal and I. Banga, (eds), 'Studies in Urban H isto r/, Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, pp. 8-17.
  503. Schwartzberg, J. (1978);
  504. 'A Historical Atlas of South Asia', University of Clucago Press, Chicago.
  505. Scott, D. (1998): 'Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed', Yale University Press, N ew Heaven.
  506. Sen, S. (1925); 'Administrative Systems of tiie Marathas', Calcutta University Press, Calcutta.
  507. Seymour, S. (1993): 'The Dukeries Estates: Improving Larxd and Landscape in the later 18'*» C en tu r/, Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Noltinghamshire, Vol. 97, pp. 117-28.
  508. Sharma, K. (2000): 'Cultural Norms, History and Socio-Spatial Dynamics in Erstwhile Princely and Colonial Towns in Himachal Pradesh', Transactions of the Institute of Indian Geographers, Department of Geography, University of Pune, Pune, Vol. 22, No. 2.
  509. Sharma, R. (1%5): 'Indian Feudalism: AD 300 -1200 A iy, Macmillan, Madras.
  510. Sharma, R. (1987): 'Urban Decay in India, c. 300 -c. 1000'/ Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, Delhi.
  511. Sherwani, H. (1985): 'The Bahamanis of the Deccan', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
  512. Shirodkar, P. (1998): 'Researchers in Indo Portuguese History', Vol. I, Publication Scheme, Jaipxir.
  513. Singh, G. (2003): 'Republics, Kingdoms, Towns and Cities in Ancient India', Reconstructing Indian History and Culture No. 26, D. K. Print Wofld (P) Ltd., N ew Delhi.
  514. Singh, K. (1968): 'The Territorial Basis of Medieval Town and VUlage Settlements in Eastern Uttar Pradesh', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 58, pp. 203-29.
  515. Sjoberg, A. (1960): 'The Pre Industrial Qty: Past, Present and Future', Free Press, New York.
  516. Smith, C. (1965): 'Historical Geography: Current Trends and Prospects', in R. Chorley and P. Hagget (eds), 'Frontiers in Geographical Teaching^ London, pp. 118-43.
  517. Soja, E. (1985): 'The SpatiaUty of Social Life: Towards a Transformative Retheorisation', in D. Gregory and J. Urry (eds), 'Social Relations and Spatial Structures', Macmillan, London, pp. 90-127.
  518. Soja, E. (1996): 'Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and- Imagined Places', Blackwelt Oxford and Cambridge.
  519. Soloman, R. (1956): Tast Influencers in the Present Towiiscapes: Some Tasmanian Examples', New Zealand Geographer, Vol. 18, pp. 177-84.
  520. Southall, A. (1998);
  521. 'The City in Time and Space', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  522. Spate, O. and Learmonth, A. (1967): 'India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography', Bungay and Suffolk.
  523. Spear, P. (1965): 'A History of India: From the Sixteenth Cenhiry to the Twentieth Century', Vol. II, Penguin Books, N ew D elhi Spencer, J. and Thomas, W. (1973): 'Introducing Cultural Geography, Wiley, New York.
  524. Subrahmanyam, S. (1993): 'The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 15004700: A Political and Economic History', Longman, London.
  525. Subrahmanyam, S. and Thomaz, L. (1991): 'Evolution of Empire: the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth C entm y, in J. Tracy (ed), 'The Political Economy of Merchant Empires', Cambridge University Press, New York, pp.
  526. Subramanian, L. (1981): 'Bombay and the West Coast in the 1740s', Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. 28, pp. 208-209.
  527. Subramanian, L. (1987): 'Banias and the British: The Role of Indigenous Credit in the Process of Imperial Expansion in Western India in the Second Half of the Eighteenth C entur/, Modem Asian Studies, VoL 21, No. 3, pp. 485.
  528. Subramanian, L. (1996): 'Indegenous Capital and Imperial Expansion: Booibay, Surat and the West Coast', Oxford University Press, Delhi.
  529. Subramanyam, S. (1993): 'The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700', Longman, London.
  530. Thakur, B. (1994): 'Indian Geography: Development, Trends and Prospects', Transactions of the Institute of Indian Geographers, Department of Geography, University of Pune, Pune, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 67-85.
  531. Thakur, B. (1994): 'Indian Geography: Development, Trends and Prospects', Transactions of the Institute of Indian Geographers, Department of Geography, University of Pune, Pune, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 177-195.
  532. Thapar, R. (1966): 'A History of India', Vol. I, Penguin Books, New Delhi.
  533. Thapar, R. (1987): 'The Mauryas Revisited', Calcutta.
  534. Thapar, R. (1996): 'Significance of Regional History wdth Reference tc the Konkan', in A. Kulkami, M. Nayeem and T. D'souza (eds), 'Medieval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of P. M. Joshi', Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
  535. Thrift, N. (1977): 'Time and Theory in Human Geography: Part I', Progress in Human Geography, VoL 1. pp. 65-101.
  536. Tibbetts, G. (1971): 'Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese', The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London.
  537. Tikekar, A. (2004): 'Sthal Kal' Mauj Prakashan Gruha, Mumbai.
  538. Tod, J. (1829): 'Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan', Vol. II, London.
  539. Tripathi, D. (1984): 'Business Commxmities of India: A Historical Perspective', Manohar, New Delhi.
  540. Tripathi, D. (1991): 'Business and Politics in India: A Historical Perspective', Manohar, New Delhi.
  541. Turner, F. (1908): 'Report on the Conference on the Relations of Geography and History', American Historical Association, Annual Report 1907, Vol. 1, pp. 45-48.
  542. Unwin, T. (1992): 'The Place of Geography', Longman Scientific and Teclmical, UK. Van Leur, J. (1955): 'Indonesian Trade and Society: Essays in Asian Social and Economic H isto r/, W. Van Hoeve, The Hague.
  543. Vance, J. (1970): T he Merchant's World: The Geography of Wholesaling', Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  544. Varadarajan, L. (1983): 'Traditions of Textile Paiatings ia Kutch: Ajrakh and related Techniques', New Order Book Company, Ahmedabad.
  545. Vartak, M. (1999): 'Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a S5rnibol', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 19, pp. 1126-1134.
  546. Verma, H. (1986): 'Dynamics of Urban Life in Pre Mughal India', Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, Delhi.
  547. Wagstaff, J. (1978): 'A Possible Interpretation of Settlement Pattern Evolution Evaluation in terms of Catastrophe Theory', Transactior\s, Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 3, No, 2, pp. 165-178.
  548. Walker, G. (1972): 'Two Settlement Simulations', in W. Adams and F. Helleiner (eds), 'International Geography', Vol. 2, pp. 773-74.
  549. Walker, R. (1981): 'A Theory of Suburbanisation; Capitahsm and the Construction of Urban Space in US', in M. Dear and A, Scott (eds), 'Urbanisation ^d Urban Planning in Capitalist Society^, Methuen, London, pp. 383-429.
  550. Wallerstein, I. (1974): 'The Modem World System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in 16"' Centur}^, Academic Press, London.
  551. Wallerstein, I. (1980): 'The Modem World System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World Economy, 1600-1750', Academic Press, London.
  552. Wallerstein, I. (1987): 'The Incorporation of he Indian Subcontinent into the Capitalist World Economy', in S. Chandra (ed), 'The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics', Sage Publications, N ew Delhi, pp. 222-253.
  553. Walsh, D. (1962): 'The Pre Urban Cadastre and the Urban Pattern of Leeds', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 52, pp. 150-66.
  554. Ward, D. and Radford, P. (1983): 'North American Cities in the Victorian Age', Historical Geography Research Series No. 12, Geo Books, Norwich.
  555. Webb, W. (1931): 'The Great Plains', Boston.
  556. Wheatley, P. (1971): 'The Pivot of the Four Quarters: A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origixis and Character of the Ancient Chinese City', Edinburgh.
  557. Wood, J. (1974): 'Simulating Pre-Census Population Distribution', Canadian Vbl: 18; pp. 403-16;
  558. Yasin M. (1995): 'Shivaji's Navcd Experiment', in K. Mathew (ed), 'Mariners, Merchants and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History, Manohar, New Delhi, pp. 247-260.
  559. Young, J. (1995): 'Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Cultme and Race', Routledge, London.
  560. Zelinsky, W. (1973): 'The Cultural Geography of the United States', Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  561. Zhang, B. (1993): 'An Introduction to Historical Geography', Henan.