Preparation of Bioink for Hydrogel Printing in Additive Manufacturing (original) (raw)
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Importance of Alginate Bioink for 3D Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer [Working Title], 2019
Among many bioinks used for extrusion 3D bioprinting, the most commonly used bioink is the polysaccharide alginate because of its various cellular-friendly property like gelation. Erratic degradation and cell-binding motifs are not present in alginate which are the limitations of alginate bioinks, which can be improved by blending various low concentrations of natural or artificial polymers. Here in this chapter, we will discuss the various important properties of the alginate which make it as the bioink for almost all bioprinting scaffold designs as well as how improve the cellular properties like its cell-material interaction by blending it with other polymer solutions.
Applied Sciences
The present study established a maximum standard for printing quality and developed a preliminary ideal index to print three-dimensional (3D) construct using the Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp (GRGD) peptide modified Pluronic-F127 hydrogel (hereafter defined as 3DG bioformer (3BE)) as bioink. In addition, the biocompatibility of 3BE for 3D printing applications was carefully investigated. For biocompatibility study and ideal printing parameter, we used the formulation of 3BE in three different concentrations (3BE-1: 25%, 3BE-2: 30%, and 3BE-3: 35%). The 3BE hydrogels were printed layer by layer as a cube-like construct with all diameters of the needle head under the same feed (100 mm/s). The printing parameters were determined using combinations of 3BE-1, 3BE-2, and 3BE-3 with three different standard needle sizes (Φ 0.13 mm, Φ 0.33 mm, and Φ 0.9 mm). The printed constructs were photographed and observed using optical microscopy. The cell viability and proliferation were evaluated using Live/Dead ...
On the progress of 3D-printed hydrogels for tissue engineering
MRS Communications
Additive manufacturing or more commonly known as 3D printing, is currently driving innovations and applications in diverse fields such as prototyping, manufacturing, aerospace, education, and medicine. Recent technological and materials research breakthroughs have enabled 3D bioprinting, where biomaterials and cells are used to create scaffolds and functional living tissues (e.g. skin, cartilage, etc.). This prospective focuses on the classification and applications of hydrogels, and design considerations in their production (i.e. physical and biological parameters). The materials for 3D printing of hydrogels, such as biopolymers, synthetic polymers, and nanocomposites, are mainly discussed. More importantly, future perspectives on 3D printing hydrogels including new materials, 4D printing, emerging printing technologies, etc. and their importance in biomedical and bioengineering applications are discussed.
Printability of Double Network Alginate-Based Hydrogel for 3D Bio-Printed Complex Structures
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Three-dimensional (3D) bio-printing has recently emerged as a crucial technology in tissue engineering, yet there are still challenges in selecting materials to obtain good print quality. Therefore, it is essential to study the influence of the chosen material (i.e., bio-ink) and the printing parameters on the final result. The “printability” of a bio-ink indicates its suitability for bio-printing. Hydrogels are a great choice because of their biocompatibility, but their printability is crucial for exploiting their properties and ensuring high printing accuracy. However, the printing settings are seldom addressed when printing hydrogels. In this context, this study explored the printability of double network (DN) hydrogels, from printing lines (1D structures) to lattices (2D structures) and 3D tubular structures, with a focus on printing accuracy. The DN hydrogel has two entangled cross-linked networks and a balanced mechanical performance combining high strength, toughness, and bio...
Bio-Design and Manufacturing
Recently, tissue engineering (TE) is one of the fast growing research fields due the accessibility of extra-molecular matrix (ECM) at cellular and molecular level with valuable potential prospective of hydrogels. The enhancement in the production of hydrogel-based cellular scaffolds with the structural composition of ECM has been accelerated with involvement of rapid prototyping techniques. Basically, the recreation of ECM has been derived from naturally existed or synthetic hydrogelbased polymers. The rapid utilization of hydrogels in TE puts forward the scope of bioprinting for the fabrication of the functional biological tissues, cartilage, skin and artificial organs. The main focus of the researchers is on biofabrication of the biomaterials with maintaining the biocompatibility, biodegradability and increasing growth efficiency. In this review, biological development in the structure and cross-linking connections of natural or synthetic hydrogels are discussed. The methods and design criteria that influence the chemical and mechanical properties and interaction of seeding cells before and after the implantations are also demonstrated. The methodology of bioprinting techniques along with recent development has also been reviewed. In the end, some capabilities and shortcomings are pointed out for further development of hydrogels-based scaffolds and selection of bioprinting technology depending on their application.
3D Bioprinting Technology and Hydrogels Used in the Process
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
3D bioprinting has gained visibility in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering due to its applicability. Over time, this technology has been optimized and adapted to ensure a better printability of bioinks and biomaterial inks, contributing to developing structures that mimic human anatomy. Therefore, cross-linked polymeric materials, such as hydrogels, have been highly targeted for the elaboration of bioinks, as they guarantee cell proliferation and adhesion. Thus, this short review offers a brief evolution of the 3D bioprinting technology and elucidates the main hydrogels used in the process.
Drug delivery and translational research, 2024
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is considered one of the most advanced tools to build up materials for tissue engineering. The aim of this work was the design, development and characterization of a bioink composed of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) for extrusion through nozzles to create these 3D structures that might potentially be apply to replace the function of damaged natural tissue. In this study, we focused on the advantages and the wide potential of biocompatible biomaterials, such as hyaluronic acid and alginate for the inclusion of hMSC. The bioink was characterized for its physical (pH, osmolality, degradation, swelling, porosity, surface electrical properties, conductivity, and surface structure), mechanical (rheology and printability) and biological (viability and proliferation) properties. The developed bioink showed high porosity and high swelling capacity, while the degradation rate was dependent on the temperature. The bioink also showed negative electrical surface and appropriate rheological properties required for bioprinting. Moreover, stress-stability studies did not show any sign of physical instability. The developed bioink provided an excellent environment for the promotion of the viability and growth of hMSC cells. Our work reports the first-time study of the effect of storage temperature on the cell viability of bioinks, besides showing that our bioink promoted a high cell viability after being extruded by the bioprinter. These results support the suggestion that the developed hMSC-composed bioink fulfills all the requirements for tissue engineering and can be proposed as a biological tool with potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Development and characterisation of a new bioink for additive tissue manufacturing
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2014
Additive manufacturing forms a potential route towards economically viable production of cellular constructs for tissue engineering. Hydrogels are a suitable class of materials for cell delivery and 3D culture, but are generally unsuitable as construction materials. Gelatine-methacrylamide is an example of such a hydrogel system widely used in the field of tissue engineering, e.g. for cartilage and cardiovascular applications. Here we show that by the addition of gellan gum to gelatine-methacrylamide and tailoring 10 salt concentrations, rheological properties such as pseudo-plasticity and yield stress can be optimised towards gel dispensing for additive manufacturing processes. In the hydrogel formulation, salt is partly substituted by mannose to obtain isotonicity and prevent a reduction in cell viability. With this, the potential of this new bioink for additive tissue manufacturing purposes is demonstrated. 65 65
3D Printability of Alginate-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel
Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2018
Three-dimensional (3D) bio-printing is a revolutionary technology to reproduce a 3D functional living tissue scaffold in-vitro through controlled layer-by-layer deposition of biomaterials along with high precision positioning of cells. Due to its bio-compatibility, natural hydrogels are commonly considered as the scaffold material. However, the mechanical integrity of a hydrogel material, especially in 3D scaffold architecture, is an issue. In this research, a novel hybrid hydrogel, that is, sodium alginate with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is developed and systematic quantitative characterization tests are conducted to validate its printability, shape fidelity and cell viability. The outcome of the rheological and mechanical test, filament collapse and fusion test demonstrate the favorable shape fidelity. Three-dimensional scaffold structures are fabricated with the pancreatic cancer cell, BxPC3 and the 86% cell viability is recorded after 23 days. This hybrid hydrogel can be a po...
A Modular Three-Dimensional Bioprinter for Printing Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Journal of Heat Transfer, 2021
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a fabrication method with many biomedical applications, particularly within tissue engineering. The use of freezing during 3D bioprinting, aka “3D cryoprinting,” can be utilized to create micopores within tissue-engineered scaffolds to enhance cell proliferation. When used with alginate bio-inks, this type of 3D cryoprinting requires three steps: 3D printing, crosslinking, and freezing. This study investigated the influence of crosslinking order and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of sodium alginate scaffolds. We designed and built a novel modular 3D printer in order to study the effects of these steps separately and to address many of the manufacturing issues associated with 3D cryoprinting. With the modular 3D printer, 3D printing, crosslinking, and freezing were conducted on separate modules yet remain part of a continuous manufacturing process. Crosslinking before the freezing step produced highly interconnected ...