Operation of a Technical Virtual Power Plant Considering Diverse Distributed Energy Resources (original) (raw)
Related papers
2021 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2021 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), 2021
In the recent past structural changes in the operation and topology of the electrical system have occurred. These changes have coincided with the emergence of distributed energy resources (DERs). Relating to supply side technologies, distributed generation (DG) units have become increasingly common. The demand side has also seen the growth of new technological applications, including electric vehicles (EVs). These changes to the electrical system are being especially felt at the low voltage network level. Technical Virtual Power Plants (TVPPs) have been used to optimally schedule these DERs to increase the network flexibility and at the same time increasing the reliability and power quality of the network and this can bring economic benefits to both the TVPP operator and the customer. This paper develops a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model to maximize the profit of a TVPP. The main objective of the TVPP is to increase operational flexibility of the low voltage network by aggregating DERs, including DG units, Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning units, and EVs. The model is examined through the use of the IEEE 119-Bus test system. Results demonstrate that the inclusion of DG units and EVs, the profit of the TVPP increases by approximately 45% and system flexibility is increased while respecting the technical constraints of the network and the thermal comfort of the consumers.
Optimisation and Management of Virtual Power Plants Energy Mix Trading Model
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 2021
In this study, a robust optimisation method (ROM) is proposed with aim to achieve optimal scheduling of virtual power plants (VPPs) in the day-ahead electricity markets where electricity prices are highly uncertain. Our VPP is a collection of various distributed energy resources (DERs), flexible loads, and energy storage systems that are coordinated and operated as a single entity. In this study, an offer and bid-based energy trading mechanism is proposed where participating members in the VPP setting can sell or buy to/from the day-ahead electricity market to maximise social welfare (SW). SW is defined as the maximisation of end-users benefits and minimisation of energy costs. The optimisation problem is solved as a mixed-integer linear programming model taking the informed decisions at various levels of uncertainty of the market prices. The benefits of the proposed approach are consistency in solution accuracy and traceability due to less computational burden and this would be beneficial for the VPP operators. The robustness of the proposed mathematical model and method is confirmed in a case study approach using a distribution system with 18-buses. Simulation results illustrate that in the highest robustness scenario, profit is reduced marginally, however, the VPP showed robustness towards the day-ahead market (DAM) price uncertainty.
IEEE Access
Virtual power plant (VPP) interconnects distributed generation (DG) units, microgrids, and energy storage systems (ESSs) of an electrical power system. This article presents a linear programming cost minimization model of VPP for the design and commitments of DG, ESS, and microgrid. Using a set of renewable energy resources, the proposed model creates a reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly distribution system. Accurately, it illustrates the schedule of the VPP to operate autonomously. The proposed model is applied to a set of United States commercial load profiles to determine the investment benefit of implementing DGs in the power system. Analysis of results concerning variation in energy price illustrates feasible solutions. VPP decision-makers can select the best reasonable solution based on their specific project budget for feature electricity generation. Moreover, results show the need for the proposed method in VPP decision making. INDEX TERMS Distribution system, optimization, DG, VPP. NOTATIONS AND PARAMETERS Notations which are used in this article are as follow: ABBREVIATIONS DG Distributed generation EMS Energy management system ESS Energy storage system IDG Independent distributed generation IESS Independent energy storage system VPP Virtual power plant NOTATIONS CapIDG i The capacity of the i th installed Independent DG in the power network (kW) CIDG i Cost of the i th installed Independent DG in the distribution system ($/kW) A IDG The annuity factor refers to the corresponding capital investment of the i th installed Independent DG in the distribution system The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Yan-Jun Liu.
Systematic Categorization of Optimization Strategies for Virtual Power Plants
Energies
Due to the rapid growth in power consumption of domestic and industrial appliances, distributed energy generation units face difficulties in supplying power efficiently. The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) provides a solution to these problems using appropriate management schemes to achieve optimal operation. Furthermore, to lessen the uncertainties of distributed energy management systems, a decentralized energy management system named virtual power plant (VPP) plays a significant role. This paper presents a comprehensive review of 65 existing different VPP optimization models, techniques, and algorithms based on their system configuration, parameters, and control schemes. Moreover, the paper categorizes the discussed optimization techniques into seven different types, namely conventional technique, offering model, intelligent technique, price-based unit commitment (PBUC) model, optimal bidding, stochastic technique, and linear p...
Analysis of the Implementation of Virtual Power Plants and Their Impacts on Electrical Systems
Energies
The increasing penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in Distribution Systems (DSs) has motivated studies on Virtual Power Plants (VPPs). However, few studies have jointly assessed the sizing and economic attractiveness of VPPs from the entrepreneur’s perspective and the potential benefits and impacts on power systems while maintaining the scope to DSs. This study proposes a methodology for sizing VPPs and simulating their economic optimal dispatch and economic attractiveness with a focus on the entrepreneur’s viewpoint. In addition, it also evaluates VPPs’ potential benefits and impacts on a DS or Transmission System (TS) while considering the interface between the Distribution System Operator (DSO) and the Transmission System Operator (TSO). The methodology employs optimization to minimize the Net Present Cost (NPC) of the project, in relation to sizing the DERs, and to obtain the economic optimal dispatch of the BESSs that comprise the VPP. Moreover, a power flow anal...
Energies
This paper analyzes the technical and economic possibilities of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy-storage systems (ESSs) into a virtual power plant (VPP) and operating them as a single power plant. The purpose of the study is to assess the economic efficiency of the VPP model, which is influenced by several factors such as energy price and energy production. Ten scenarios for the VPP were prepared on the basis of the installed capacities of a hydropower plant (HPP), rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), and energy-storage system (ESS), as well as weather conditions, in Poland. On the basis of technical conditions, it was assumed that the maximum power capacity of the ESS equaled 1.5 MW. The economic efficiency analysis presented in this paper demonstrated that, in seven years, the VPP will achieve a positive value of the net present value (NPV) for a scenario with 0.5 MW battery storage and rainy summers. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was conducted on price f...
Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy
Efficient utilization of existing energy resources within smart industrial grids constitutes an indispensable part of any energy management system (EMS). In this regard, virtual power plants (VPPs) play a crucial role in smart exploitation of available generated power. The present paper offers a new and exciting perspective at the EMS of Industrial VPPs (IVPPs). The grid management simultaneously makes use of demand response (DR) loads and electric vehicles (EVs) deployed at parking spaces. The EMS follows the objective of maximizing overall profit of its assemblage. At the same time, the EMS endeavors to augment the grid reliability at peak conditions and reduce load shedding of industrial centers. Naturally, there are uncertainties in such parameters as electricity market prices, EVs, and renewable energy production sources. Thus, a random-based energy management problem approach is adopted. To validate, the proposed method is experimented on the second zone of the modified IEEE-RTS standard network. The simulations reveal that the EVs' presence in dedicated parking spaces can bring about a dramatic increase in the storage capacity of the IVPPs. This causes a reduction in the use of network's overall power capacity. In fact, a prominent feature of the EMS is constant use of DR programs and selecting best one for each IVPP at different time hours. On the whole, the adopted procedure gives rise to a general reduction in network's operational costs, considerable de-peaking as well as enhanced performance of EVs at parking spaces.
Energy Management of Virtual Power Plant Considering Distributed Generation Sizing and Pricing
Applied Sciences
The energy management of virtual power plants faces some fundamental challenges that make it complicated compared to conventional power plants, such as uncertainty in production, consumption, energy price, and availability of network components. Continuous monitoring and scaling of network gain status, using smart grids provides valuable instantaneous information about network conditions such as production, consumption, power lines, and network availability. Therefore, by creating a bidirectional communication between the energy management system and the grid users such as producers or energy applicants, it will afford a suitable platform to develop more efficient vector of the virtual power plant. The paper is treated with optimal sizing of DG units and the price of their electricity sales to achieve security issues and other technical considerations in the system. The ultimate goal in this study to determine the active demand power required to increase system loading capability an...
Energy management of virtual power plants dependent on electro-economical model
Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2019
From about two decades passed, a new expression was proposed for the first time: ''Virtual Power Plants (VPPs)". At this moment, a question was asked about if the VPPs can contribute as a trustworthy and environmentally oriented energy supply, or not? From this instant, over two hundred articles was presented for the management and optimal utilization of such a system, reliability and adaptation of VPP with the network connected to, retail and wholesale markets. .. etc. Most or approximately all articles intended with VPPs focused on studying VPPs from economical point of view only and did not studied the electrical and energy performance of VPPs. This paper represents a novel combined model for economical and electrical performances together of a generic VPP (GVPP); the electro-economical model (EEM). Two main targets are required from the proposed GVPP EEM: best performance and active network energy management of this GVPP. Also, a proposal for the first real case study in Egypt is taken under consideration: Siwa Oasis, Egypt. Siwa Oasis proposed VPP is modeled also with EEM. EEM for these two cases (GVPP and Siwa Oasis VPP) are simulated to obtain best performance and active network energy management for these VPPs. All data and results are stated and discussed.