Correction to: Organizing Smart Buildings and Cities (original) (raw)
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By 2050, 60% of the world population is expected to live in urban areas, the challenge will be to supply these population with basic resources while also ensuring overall economic, social and environmental sustainability (Sustainable Development). Cities worldwide have started to look for solutions which enable these three element of sustainable to be implemented. Many of the new approaches related to urban services have been based on harnessing technologies, including ICTand helping to create whatsome call “smart cities.”
Smart Cities - An urban challenge or unnecessary deviation.pdf
“As India’s population continues to grow, more citizens will move to cities. Experts predict that about 25-30 people will migrate every minute to major Indian cities from rural areas in search of better livelihood and better lifestyles. It is estimated that by the year 2050, the number of people living in Indian cities will touch 843 million. To accommodate this massive urbanization, India needs to ¬find smarter ways to manage complexities, reduce expenses, increase efficiency and improve the quality of life.” (Smartcitiesindia 2015 02) As the global population increases at a steady pace, more and more people are relocating to cities every single day. Experts predict the world’s urban population will double by 2050 – which means we’re adding the equivalent of seven New Delhi Cities to the planet every single year. Urban areas also contribute a higher share to GDP. The urban population in India is currently 31% of the total population and it contributes over 60% of India’s GDP. In the next 15 years it is projected that urban India will contribute nearly 75% of the national GDP. Cities are accordingly referred to as the engines of economic growth. Hence there is a crying need for cities to get smarter in order to handle this large-scale urbanization and finding new ways to manage complexity, increase efficiency, reduce expenses, and improve quality of life. This paper tries to look at the concept of Smart cities form an Indian perspective and tries to list down the pros and cons of the proposed 100 smart cities based on the concept note on smart cities as laid out by the Government of India, with respect to the impact these shall bear on the pattern of urban development being seen across the country.
Twenty first century cities encounter lots of problems regarding transportation, governance, information technology, environment, resources. Smart cities are needed and already booming all over the world. The concept of Smart Cities needs to be defined. The Smart City model by Giffinger et al (2007) is useful in this respect. It discerns six topics: smart living, smart governance, smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment and smart people. This article focuses on the consequences of smart cities for universities. They can teach their students specific competences in e.g. Information Technology, Urbanisation, Smart Cities and Sustainability. They can do research in such areas. But: " The centrality of 'smart citizens', rather than 'smart cities', can be easily overlooked. " (Slovava and Okwechime, 2016). Smart Cities can only function, if their citizen become smart. For universities that means teaching general competences to all students like problem solving, creativity, flexibility and critical thinking. Crucial is knowledge and skills regarding sustainability. For that matter the university will need to be an example to be credible. Actually universities need a paradigm shift: from control and continuous improvement to commitment, a preliminary stage to real breakthrough. The stage the university is in can be measured with the Emergency Model (c) (Van Kemenade, 2017). The instrument can also point out what still needs to be done to achieve the breakthrough that is needed for universities in times of Smart Cities.
D.P. Baker, W.P. Evand (eds.), Digital Information Strategies. From Applications and Content to Libraries and People, Edition: 1, Chapter: 13, pp. 185-198., 2016
According to technology pundits, we are at the brink of an information (technology) revolution. Within a decade, the “Internet of Things” (IoT, the interconnection of uniquely identifiable devices within the Internet infrastructure (Holler, et al., 2014), will generate huge amounts of digital data. This data may be applied to manage the urban environments in which the majority of the population of the world is living. Those urban environments will be turned into ‘smart cities’. The subject of the smart city is discussed extensively within scientific and political communities. Most attention is paid to the new and exciting possibilities that integrated information technology systems (ICTs) have to offer to citizens of these smart cities (Townsend, 2013). What is less discussed is the process of information management (IM) that is instrumental to the application of the ICTs within a smart city. The huge amounts of data necessary to manage a smart city require IM models that match the unprecedented scale of data processing that is required. This is highly relevant, because it is acknowledged in literature that the societal impact of this scale of data processing cannot be predicted (Mayer-Schönberger, Cukier, 2013). Proper attention to the IM issues that will emerge as smart cities are implemented is therefore highly relevant. In this chapter we will be exploring smart cities: those cities that succeed in the application of ICTs at a practical level and harvest the benefits of the IoT. We will discuss the application of ICTs and look at the aspects of digital data that are relevant in the ‘information value chain’ (IVC) that is being executed. We will follow the flow of data from the initial cue that starts the process, as picked up by sensors, the interfaces that provide interaction between the city and the individual citizen, and the intelligence behind the screens that is responsible for the delivery of applicable information to the citizen. We will start with a short sketch of ideas and ideals that underlie the smart city; followed by discussion of building blocks - sensors, screens and actuators - that enable the city environment to interact with the citizen on the street. After that, we delve into the IVC, following the path data takes along that chain in the course of its value creation for the city.
Assembling the Smart City: The Codification of Urban Life
The new industrial revolution which is taking place now consists primarily in replacing human judgment and discrimination at low levels by the discrimination of the machine. The machine appears now, not as a source of power, but as a source of control and a source of communication. We communicate with the machine and the machine communicates with us. Machines communicate with one another. Energy and power are not the proper concepts to describe this new phenomenon. (Wiener, 1961:71)
Smart Cities: Missing the Stigmergy?
Springer eBooks, 2022
The concept of "Smart cities" has been criticized for imprecise and inconsistent definitions across disciplines, potential hidden agendas of power and control, and a failure to address important social aspects of cities. Here we consider a more fundamental question of centralization versus distribution of city information, and in particular the information within the city and not only about the city-a distinction we draw by applying the concept of stigmergy. After conducting a brief examination of the deeper philosophical issues of information and city structure, we consider how the application of information within the city is a mostly distributed process that can be centralized only in limited ways. The model of stigmergy illustrates how such a process of local interactions can occur between actors within the city, and between them and the evolving forms of the city itself. Evidence suggests that this self-organizing and emergent process plays an essential role in a city's ability to satisfy multiple interests of city residents over time. An effective Smart city strategy will need to engage and support this capacity. We conclude with potential application as well as opportunities for further research. Keywords Smart cities • Stigmergy • Information theory • Symmetry • Actor network theory 8.1 Introduction The Smart city concept has not been without significant controversy, and among the criticisms are charges of vagueness, ambiguity and incompleteness. For example, Hollands (2008) concludes that the term lacks "definitional precision" exacerbated by an "underlying self-congratulatory tendency". Cavada et al. (2014) observe that the term suffers from "contradicting definitions and unclear measures", and "lacks a robust coherent definition". Caruso et al. (2020) argue that the Smart city is a "messy concept" that does not "disentangle the local specificities". Willis (2020) takes the
Through trial and error, 'smart cities' are slowly getting smarter
The 'smart city' concept has existed for several years, but only now, with some trial and error, are we seeing the real fruits of these efforts coming to light. While the ambitions of Masdar City have been scaled back somewhat, Amsterdam is forging ahead, piloting a number of schemes to introduce smart technology to the way energy and other resources are managed within the city.
Smart Cities of Today and Tomorrow: Better Technology, Infrastructures and Society
Journal of Tourism Futures
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